Hurricane Katrina is the most devastating hurricane in US history [2] . It was a category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale , the sixth strongest hurricane in the Atlantic basin in the entire history of observations. It happened at the end of August 2005 . The most severe damage was caused to New Orleans in Louisiana , where about 80% of the city’s area was under water. As a result of a natural disaster, 1836 residents died, economic damage amounted to $ 125 billion (estimate, 2007) [3]
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Content
Meteorological History
A hurricane began to form on August 23 in the Bahamas . On August 25, 2005, he passed over the Florida coast near Miami and turned towards the Gulf of Mexico . Before the hurricane reached the US coast, it was assigned the 5th level of danger on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale . Wind speed during a hurricane reached 280 km / h. A few hours before meeting with the coast, the hurricane weakened to the level of 4th category. [four]
Preparation
As the hurricane advanced towards the Gulf of Mexico, personnel began to be evacuated from oil platforms. Airplanes were evacuated from military bases in Mississippi and Florida, and two ships left the port. [5] US President George W. Bush declared the states of Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama, and Florida a natural disaster area. [five]
On Sunday , August 28, 2005, the mayor of New Orleans announced a mandatory evacuation . [6] The massive evacuation of people caused large traffic jams. [6] [7] More than a million people left the city and its environs, about 80% of the local population. [5] Long lines lined up in front of shops and gas stations. Refugees tried to stock up on water, food, and gasoline.
However, not all residents were able to evacuate. Tens of thousands of citizens lived below the poverty line and did not have money for travel, hotels. Public transport stopped working, and leaving the city without a car was extremely difficult. In New Orleans, about 150 thousand people remained, mainly residents of poor areas [7] . On August 28, city officials proposed the Superdome indoor stadium to those remaining in the city as a haven. About 30 thousand people sought refuge in the SuperDome. [6]
Consequences
On Monday, August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina reached the southeast coast of the United States in the Louisiana and Mississippi area . Louisiana, south and the center of Mississippi, south of Alabama , west of Georgia , west and south of Florida fell into its zone of operation.
Louisiana
70 percent of New Orleans lies below sea level, the city is surrounded on three sides by water: the Gulf of Mexico , the Mississippi River and Lake Ponchartrain . [five]
Early in the morning of August 29, the dams that protected New Orleans were broken in several places. The flooding of the city and the coast began. The roof of the SuperDome was damaged by a strong wind. Rescue of people from the flooded areas was carried out with the help of boats and helicopters .
Flooded New Orleans:
Mississippi
The coastal areas of the state of Mississippi , including the large agglomeration Galfort - Biloxi - Pascagula , were severely damaged. Areas located in close proximity to the Gulf of Mexico were completely destroyed.
Others
- 800 thousand people were left without electricity and telephone communications. [eight]
- The officially confirmed number of victims was 1,407, according to more recent figures 1,600 [9] , of which more than 720 were in New Orleans; in addition, as of December 2005, 47 people were missing [10] . During rescue operations ( September 2005 ), many thousands or tens of thousands of victims were speculated, but they were not confirmed.
- According to a survey by the American magazine Newsweek , only 38% of respondents approved of the activities of Bush and his administration and how they dealt with the consequences of the disaster [11] . According to a survey conducted in September 2005 by the Pew research center Bush's approval rating was 40 percent. [12]
Crime
Information about crime during Hurricane Katrina was exaggerated by the media . Some media reports of crimes did not have any real basis at all. Covering the crime situation during the hurricane, the media broadcast several myths. New Orleans police confirmed four killings in a week of emergency, which for New Orleans is roughly equal to the average. [13]
On August 30, CNN announced mass looting in the city. According to the television company, “hundreds and hundreds of people” in the area of Canal Street and on the border of the “French Quarter” break glass in stores, taking out goods from them [14] .
On September 1, the media reported the shelling of the city hospital. According to the doctor, the hospital was shelled several times. Shooting was carried out at the moment when the patients were loaded for transportation; boats with transported patients were previously fired, one of which turned upside down. [15]
On September 1, a representative of the US Federal Emergency Management Agency announced the temporary cessation of rescue operations in connection with criminal attacks. According to the representative of the coast guard, rescuers avoid visiting areas where shooting is heard [16] .
Damage
Economic damage amounted to $ 125 billion (estimate, 2007). [3]
The US Congress allocated $ 110 billion to rebuild the affected areas. [17] As of August 2006, more than 100,000 families lived in trailers due to the loss of housing. [17]
Actions of the authorities
On September 8, 43,000 US National Guard fighters, 4,000 Coast Guard personnel, and about 15,000 regular army personnel participated in the rescue operation in the disaster area. [18]
The actions of government officials were criticized. [19] Louisiana Senator Republican David Witter rated the Bush administration lowest for government efforts to deal with the disaster. In September 2005, an American director and public figure, Michael Moore , in an open letter accused the country's leadership of cutting spending on engineering troops , which, in his opinion, led to grave consequences. Moore also noted [20] :
On the day that a hurricane hit the city, Mr. Bush, John McCain (the senator) and his rich friends were treating themselves with a cake. And then throughout the day, Bush played the guitar that some country singer gave him. And all this - when New Orleans was drowned in water.
New York rapper Mos Def on the street performed Dollar Day (also known as Katrina Clap), accusing the president of untimely and inadequate response to the disaster, and was arrested for speaking out without permission.
In 2006, about 60% of US residents, according to opinion polls, pessimized the authorities' ability to withstand natural disasters. [17]
Reflection in popular culture
The events that took place in New Orleans during the hurricane Katrina formed the basis of the book of the French prose writer Laurent Godet "Ouragan".
Hurricane Katrina inspired Linkin Park to play The Little Things Give You Away.
Links
- Alekseeva A. et al. Pure American tragedy // Expert , No. 34 (480), September 12, 2005
- A selection of news in the " Russian newspaper "
- A selection of news in gazeta.ru
- 240 km / h under water // Kommersant-Vlast , No. 35 (638), September 5, 2005
- Taylor, J. Africa in Our Midst: The media suppress Katrina's lessons.
- Schnittke M. Lessons from Katrina // polit.ru , September 21, 2005
- New Orleans. Horror movie live // vesti7.ru
- Immanuel Wallerstein “Katrina: evidence of incompetence and collapse”
- Complete failure demonstrates the inefficiency of the “big state” (David Bowes, vice president, Cato Institute )
- Sychev A. A. Ethics of extreme situations: New Orleans after the hurricane Katrina // Public moral: philosophical, normative-ethical and applied problems / Ed. R. G. Apresyan. - M.: Alpha-M, 2009.S. 424-442.
- Efremenko D.V., Sokolova M.E. In the wake of Katrina: elements and politics // Energy: economics, technology, ecology. - 2009, No. 12 - p. 48-51.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship
- ↑ Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R .; Brown, Daniel P. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: August 23–30, 2005 (PDF). National Hurricane Center (December 20, 2005; updated August 10, 2006). Date of treatment May 30, 2006. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ 1 2 Economic damage from a hurricane (unavailable link) . Date of treatment August 29, 2007. Archived March 20, 2008.
- ↑ Path to disaster (Eng.) // National Geographic : magazine. - 2005. - Vol. Special edition: Katrina . - P. 36-37 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Rogozhnikova E. Water desert in the south of the USA // Lenta.ru , August 30, 2005
- ↑ 1 2 3 The chaos of evacuation // National Geographic : magazine. - 2005. - Vol. Special edition: Katrina . - P. 80-81 .
- ↑ 1 2 Alekseeva A. et al. A Pure American Tragedy // Expert , No. 34 (480), September 12, 2005
- ↑ KM.RU. news IHT: Climate change contributes to increased environmental migrants (inaccessible link)
- ↑ America's Horror: 2 years later (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment August 29, 2007. Archived March 20, 2008.
- ↑ Hurricane Katrina landfall Impact . www.katrinahelp.info. Date of treatment January 9, 2011. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ Howard Fineman. A Storm-Tossed Boss . A Storm-Tossed Boss . Newsweek (September 19, 2005). Date of treatment December 21, 2010. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ Rating Bush . Two-In-Three Critical Of Bush's Relief Efforts . Pew Reseach Center (September 8, 2005). Date of treatment December 21, 2010. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ No. 1195: Katrina's Myth and Media
- ↑ Hundreds of people break glass and take out goods from New Orleans stores. Archived copy of September 23, 2005 on the Wayback Machine // RIA Novosti , August 30, 2005
- ↑ New Orleans hospital was shelled several times Archival copy of September 25, 2005 on the Wayback Machine // RIA Novosti , September 1, 2005
- ↑ New Orleans: crime interferes with the rescue operation // RIA Novosti , September 1, 2005
- ↑ 1 2 3 Ershov Yu. Americans remembered Katrina // Russian newspaper , No. 4157, August 30, 2006
- ↑ Belousov V. Who will be responsible for Katrina // Russian newspaper , No. 3868, September 8, 2005
- ↑ Zorin A., Shapovalov A. Bush left the battlefield // Russian newspaper No. 3871, September 10, 2005
- ↑ Moore accuses authorities of miscalculations that led to the tragedy in New Orleans // RIA Novosti , September 12, 2005
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