Critica Botanica (from the Latin. - "Criticism of Botany" [1] , "Botanical Criticism" [2] ) - the work of the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), published in Leiden in 1737; written in Latin . According to Linnaeus himself, this work is in addition to chapters VII — X of Fundamenta Botanica’s work - explaining paragraphs 210 to 324. The writing is a guide on how to distinguish a plant from a variety and how to “correctly” choose (make) names of plant species and genera 3] .
| Critica botanica | |
|---|---|
| Author | |
| Genre | Scientific research |
| Original language | |
| Original issued | |
| Publisher | Conrad Wishoff |
Content
The works of Linnaeus Critica Botanica , Bibliotheca Botanica and Fundamenta Botanica laid the foundations of botanical terminology, botanical classification and botanical nomenclature, which Linnaeus himself and his followers used. After 15 years, in 1751, the ideas embodied in these three books will be re-examined and expanded in the work of Philosophia Botanica , one of his main works and one of the fundamental works on modern botanical systematics [4] .
Content, ratings
The work consists of four chapters corresponding to chapters seven through ten of Fundamenta Botanica : Nomina Generica (from Latin - “Generic Names”), Nomina Specifica (“Species Names”), Nomina Variantia (“Names of Varieties”) and Nomina Synonyma ( “Names-synonyms”) [5] [6] , after which there is an index of plant names mentioned in the text and a list of typos noted [6] . In addition, at the end of the book there is a reflection ( discursus ) of the theologian [~ 1] De Historiae naturalis lectione (from the Latin - “The lesson of natural history”) [6] .
As Linnaeus himself wrote in his Autobiography , with his work Critica Botanica, he “cleared the Augean stables of nomenclature with Hercules’s work” - although “botanists ... considered changing their generic names to be sacrilegious,” but he “still changed more than half of them, and thus proved that neither one respectable nerd did not dare to condemn him ” [3] . A similar opinion was the Dutch botanist Adrian van Royen (1704-1779): he believed that Linnei’s merit was that with the help of his work Critica Botanica he managed to put an end to the confusion with the generic names [7] .
Regarding his recommendations regarding the compilation of differentia specifica (species differences expressed by the diagnostic phrase, which at that time was essentially a scientific species name) Linnaeus wrote that here he “went further, since no species distinction was previously correctly established " [3] . Another issue that Linnaeus considers in detail in his work is the need to strictly distinguish between plant species and their varieties. Linnaeus wrote that some botanists “turned species into species and thereby confused all science” [3] .
The Soviet botanist Yevgeny Bobrov wrote in 1970 that the nomenclature reform contained in Critica Botanica was “so deep and significant” that many of the rules and recommendations set forth in this book have been in effect until now, some of which have been included in unchanged in the modern International Code of Botanical Nomenclature [5] .
Editions
The book was published in Leiden in October 1737:
- Critica botanica in qua nomina plantarum generica, specifica & variantia examini subjiciuntur, selectoria confirmantur, indigna rejiciuntur; simulque doctrina circa denominationem plantarum traditur. Seu Fundamentorum botanicorum pars iv. Accedit Johannis Browallii de necessitate historiae naturalis discursus : [ lat. ] . - Lugduni Batavorum : Conrad Wishoff, 1737. - [i — xvi], 1–270, [1–36, index of plant names, list of typos], [6], 24, [1–9, subject index] s. [eight]
In 1787, the work of Linnaeus was reprinted in the seventh volume of the collection of various botanical works published by the French botanist Jean Gilibert under the general title Systema plantarum Europae :
- Critica botanica ... // Systema plantarum Europae: [ lat. ] / JE Gilibert. - : Piestre & Delamollière, 1787. - Vol. 7. - S. 363-594. [eight]
In 1938, the book was published in London in English translation with an introduction written by the famous English systematist Arthur Hill :
- The “Critica botanica” of Linnaeus: [ eng ] / transl. by the Sir Arthur Hort, revised by Miss ML Green. - London : Bernard Quaritch, 1938. - [i] —xxvii, [1] —239 p. - (Ray Society (Series), no. 124). [eight]
Comments
- ↑ Johan Bovalovlius (1707-1755) in the last years of his studies at the university was his friend. In 1748, Brovallius became bishop of Turku .
Notes
- ↑ Bobrov, 1970 , p. 72.
- ↑ Linnaeus / A.V. Kupriyanov // Las Tunas - Lomonos. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2010. - S. 521-522. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 17). - ISBN 978-5-85270-350-7 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Beavers, 1970 , p. 70
- ↑ Stafleu, 1971 , p. 9, 32.
- ↑ 1 2 Beavers, 1970 , p. 71
- ↑ 1 2 3 Linnaeus, 1737 .
- ↑ Stafleu, 1971 , p. 161.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Stafleu, Cowan, 1981 , 4718 ... Critica Botanica ... , p. 80
Literature
- Bazilevskaya N. A. , Belokon I. P. , Scherbakova A. A. Chapter 3. Systematics of plants // A Brief History of Botany / Otv. ed. L.V. Kudryashov. - M .: Nauka, 1968 .-- S. 26–41. - 311 s. - (Proceedings of the Moscow Society of Naturalists. Volume XXXI. Department of Biology. Botany Section). - 8500 copies
- Bobrov E. G. Karl Linney. 1707-1778 . - L .: Nauka , 1970 .-- 285 p. - 7000 copies
- Linnaeus K. Philosophy of Botany : [ arch. March 8, 2016 ] / Trans. with latin. N. N. Zabinkova , S. V. Sapozhnikova, ed. M.E. Kirpichnikova ; ed. preparation. I.E. Amlinsky . - M .: Nauka, 1989 .-- 456 p. - ("Classics of science." Subseries "Monuments of the history of science"). - ISBN 5-02-003943-8 .
- Retzius AJ Observationum in Criticam botanicam C. à Linné specimen primum quod exhibet NC Psilander : [ lat. ] . - Lundæ : Litteris Berlingianis, 1811. - [2], 16 s.
- Stafleu FA Linnaeus and the linnaeans: 1735—1789: [ eng ] . - Utrecht: Oosthoek's Uitgenersmaatschappij NV, 1971. - xvi, 386 p., 71 p. fig. - (Regnum vegetabile, vol. 79). - ISBN 978-9060460641 .
- Stafleu FA ; Cowan RS Linnaeus, Carl // Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types : [ eng ] . - Ed. 2. - Utrecht, The Hague, 1981. - Vol. III: Lh — O. - P. 71-111. - 980 p. - ISBN 90-313-0444-1 .
Links
- Wikimedia Commons has Critica Botanica related media files
| Scientific works: Amoenitates Academicae • Bibliotheca Botanica • Calendaria Florae • Classes plantarum • Clavis medicinae duplex • Critica Botanica • Fauna Svecica • Flora Lapponica • Flora Svecica • Fundamenta Botanica • Genera morborum • Genera Plantarum • Hortus Cliffortianus • Hortus upsaliensis • Materia Medica • Musa Cliffortiana • Nutrix Noverca • Pan Svecicus • Praeludia sponsaliorum plantarum • Philosophia botanica • Species plantarum • Systema naturae Autobiographical materials, travel diaries: “Autobiography” (“Handwritten notes ...”) • Iter Lapponicum (Lachesis Lapponica) • Nemesis divina |