Middle Egypt ( Arabic: مصر الوسطى , DMG Misr al-Wista ) - the modern designation of the area between the Nile Delta and the intersection of roads that go from the Red Sea and Cyrenaica [1] , includes the Nile valley from Cairo governorate to the southern border of El Minya , as well as the oasis of Fayyum [2] . Located between the Upper and Lower (Nile Delta) Egypts and stretches from Asyut in the south to Memphis in the north [3] .
Content
History
The ancient Egyptians sharply separated Upper from Lower Egypt, Red Land (desert) from Black (Nile Valley) [4] , without distinguishing Middle Egypt.
Since the Ptolemaic period (306-221 BC) there was a division into three epistrategies: Lower Egypt (Delta), Middle Egypt ( other Greek Ἑπταπολίς - Heptanomy, that is, “Seminomy” [5] ), Upper Egypt ( Thebaid ) [6] , driven by epistrategs who appointed strategists [7] .
In the V century, the fragmentation of state administration in Egypt continued . Between 386 and 395 years, central Egypt was singled out from the province of Augustamnik like the province of Arcadia . The province included the predominantly historical region of Heptanomides, with the exception of Hermopolis , which belonged to Thebaid [8] . It is likely that during this period there is an increase in the number of large land holdings that have acquired a decisive influence in subsequent centuries.
In the 19th century, heptanomy was designated as the divider of Thebes from the Delta [9] .
Economics
Middle Egypt, along with Upper, is mainly an agrarian region with separate areas of industrial development in the central and southern parts of the Nile Valley [2] . It specializes in the cultivation of cotton, as well as cereals and legumes [10] . About 65% of cotton crops (data for the 1970s) fall in Lower Egypt, 25% in Middle Egypt and 10% in Upper Egypt. In Upper Egypt, the varieties Dandara and Asmouni are sown, in Middle - Giza 66 and Giza 72, in Lower Egypt - Giza 45, Giza 67, Giza 68, Giza 69, Giza 70 and Menoufi. All these varieties were bred after World War II, with the exception of Asmouni, cultivated over 110 years and occupied about 7% of the sown area [11] [12] .
The entire population of Egyptian Nubia was relocated to Central Egypt by 1987 [13] .
Major Cities
- Beni swayf
- October 6th
- Giza
- Cairo
- Fayyum
Archaeological sites
- Beni Hassan
- Amarna (ancient Ahetaton)
- Deir el bersha
- Deir al-Gabravi ( Asyut, Lycopolis )
- Dishasa
- El Ashmunein ( Germopol )
- Al-Bahnas ( Oksirinh )
- Ankyrompol (Tuedyoi)
- Qusiah ( Kusi )
- El Sheikh Said
- El Sheikh Ibad ( Antinople )
- Syria
- Ihnasya al-Madina ( Heracleopol )
- Istable-Antar (Speos-Artemidos)
- Sedment el Gebel
- Tigna el Gebel (Akoris)
- Tuna el Gebel
- Zawiet el Maiytin (Henena)
Notes
- ↑ L.N. Vatolina. Modern Egypt . - Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1949. - P. 12. - 264 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Africa - An overview, North Africa . - Thought, 1982. - S. 177. - 360 p.
- ↑ Baines, John, Jaromír Málek, and Graham Speake. Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt. - New York: Baines, 2000.
- ↑ Barbara Mertz. 1. Two countries // Red Land, Black Earth. Ancient Egypt: legends and facts . - M .: Centerpolygraph, 2008 .-- 457 p. - (The Mysteries of Ancient Egypt). - ISBN 978-5-9524-3621-3 .
- ↑ Pliny the Elder . Natural history . - T. 36.
- ↑ Theological works . - Edition of the Moscow Patriarchate., 1983. - S. 67. - 350 p.
- ↑ Victor Viktorovich Fedotov. The historical geography of the ancient world . - Publishing House MPEI, 1996. - S. 53. - 316 p.
- ↑ Keenan, James K. Egypt / Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan; Whitby, Michael. - The Cambridge Ancient History. - Cambridge University Press, 2000. - T. XIV - Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. - S. 612-637. - ISBN 978-0-521-32591-2 .
- ↑ Donne, William Bodham (1854–1857). Hepta'nomis // Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography / Smith, William. - London: John Murray. - S. 1045-1046 .
- ↑ Victor Vatslavovich Volsky. The economic geography of capitalist and developing countries . - M .: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1986. - S. 498. - 536 p.
- ↑ Bulletin of applied botany, of genetics and plant-breeding . - All-Union nii plant growing named after n. and. Vavilova, 1977 .-- S. 156. - 520 p.
- ↑ Cotton growing . - State Publishing House s.kh. literature, 1975 .-- S. 45. - 632 p.
- ↑ Hydraulic engineering and land reclamation . - Agricultural Publishing House, 1987. - S. 6. - 1006 p.