Yustitsky, Valentin Mikhailovich

The Yustitsky family is mentioned in archival documents from the 17th century . The Archive Fund "Petrograd Noble Guardianship" of the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg contains a copy of the document - "Decree of His Imperial Majesty the Autocrat of the All-Russian from the Temporary Presence of the Herald of the Volyn Noble Deputies Assembly", on the basis of which a decision was made to approve the "Definitions of the Volyn Dvoranyan May 31, 1832, December 3, and 1845, the 7th numbers on the inclusion of the above persons of the Yustytsky clan in the sixth part of the Noble genealogy book. ” The document confirms the antiquity of the clan - “The ancestor of this clan Nikolai Yustytsky in 1660 was granted the Lida skarbnik by the privilege of the King of Poland Jan Casimir” ^[2] and information about the ownership of the family's property - villages with peasants.

The artist’s grandfather, Lieutenant Anton Iosifovich Yustitsky, served for some time in Voronezh, in the seventies of the XIX century, after his resignation, the family moved to St. Petersburg . Around 1880, Anton Iosifovich died. Widow, Maria Mikhailovna Yustitskaya, from 1882 living on the street. Bolshaya Sadovaya, 125, apt. 40, with the help of "amounts of invalid capital" raised children: Michael, Nadezhda, Barbara, Alexander and Alexei ^[3] .

The eldest son Mikhail Antonovich, the future father of the artist, was born on November 10, 1863 in the Volyn province . From 1875 to 1882 he studied at the Mikhailovsky Voronezh Cadet Corps; in August 1885 he graduated from the Pavlovsk Military School with the rank of second lieutenant and was sent to the 20th Rifle Battalion of the Vilna Military District . In April 1886 he was transferred to the St. Petersburg Grenadier Life Guards Regiment . In 1891 he was enrolled as a supernumerary student at the Alexander Military Law Academy , which he graduated in 1894 in the second category and received the qualification of a lawyer. On April 30, 1893, Lieutenant Mikhail Yustitsky married Mariya Feofanovna Kashina in the church of the Nikolaev Cadet Corps .

The future mother of V. M. Yustitsky - Maria - was born on January 30, 1874 in the family of a St. Petersburg merchant of the second guild, an Old Believer , Feofan Matveevich Kashin in his second marriage with Domnoy Evstratyevna ("the peasant widow of Moscow province. Bogorodsky district of Zaponorsky volost of the village of Antsiferova") . During the transition to Orthodoxy in connection with her marriage, Mary received the patronymic "Fedorovna."

Valentin Mikhailovich Yustitsky was born on April 7, 1894, as stated in the metric book of the Church of Alexander Nevsky at the Nikolaev Cadet Corps: “... born on April 7, Valentine was baptized on the 21st. Parents: student of the Military Law Academy, captain of the St. Petersburg Grenadier King Friedrich Wilhelm III Regiment Mikhail Antonovich Yustitsky and his legal wife Maria Feofanovna, both Orthodox and primitives. Receivers: Captain II rank Alexander Antonovich Yustitsky and the widow of lieutenant Maria Mikhailovna Yustitskaya ” ^[4] .

In 1899, Mikhail Antonovich resigned. By this time he was an assistant to the attorney , the owner of 1,474 acres of land, two orchards and a water mill (the building has been preserved to this day and is a historical object) in the estate Yavor-Svorotovschizna of the Slonim district of the Grodno province ^[5] . In 1902, Yavorsky No. 33 distillery began to work (9 workers). In addition, in different years, the Yustitsky owned other estates - Kolyskovschina of the Volkovysk district of the Grodno province and Nivishche of the Novogrudok district of the Minsk province ^[6] .

The family had five children: Valentine - born in 1894, Maria - born in 1896, Boris - born in 1897, Nina - born in 1903, and later another daughter was born - Varvara.

As a descendant of several generations of the military, Valentine was traditionally identified in the cadet corps . In 1904-1906, he was on the lists of students of the Second Cadet Corps , from which he was dismissed in 1907 ^[7] . For the next academic year, Valentine was assigned to the Petrograd Larinskaya Gymnasium , about which there is laconic information in the archive of students in the Alphabet of Pupils since 1895: Valentin, Justin. On April 7, 1894, the Orthodox faith, he entered the second grade exam on August 21, 1907, as a half-board student. Valentine studied at the Larino Gymnasium for one year. The documents noted that he “dropped out of grade 3 on May 14, 1908 in the First Vilnius Gymnasium” ^[8] .

In Vilna, Maria Feofanovna and her children settled in house No. 20 on Alexandrovsky Boulevard (now 20 Algirdo St.). The path to the gymnasium was very picturesque. From a highly located area called the New Town, a wide panorama of bell towers and towers of churches and churches, old tiled roofs opened. The streets, going down, gradually narrowed, leading the pedestrian to the center of the Old Town - to the former Vilnius University , which was abolished after the Polish uprising (1830) . Vilenskaya 1st male gymnasium was considered prestigious. She occupied one of the many ancient buildings of the former university. The archive fund of the gymnasium has a list of students for the 1908/1909 academic year. the city in which in the 2nd division of the 3rd class Yustitsky Valentin is recorded. In the following years, V. Yustitsky was not among his class students ^[9] .

It should be noted that information about the artist’s training in military and art educational institutions in various sources ^{[10] [11] [12] is} provided without reference or explanation. The statement about the training of Valentin Yustitsky in the Page Corps is erroneous. According to the rules on the procedure for enrollment in the elite Page Corps, only children and grandchildren of persons of the first three classes of servicemen of Russia (not lower than the Lieutenant General and Privy Councilor) were eligible for admission, enrollment was carried out at the highest command. The son of a lieutenant colonel did not have such a right.

In the late XIX - early XX centuries. The main art educational institution in Lithuania was I.P. Trutnev's Vilnius Drawing School , which laid the foundation for professional art training in the country. Researchers of V. M. Yustitsky’s creativity are considered to have studied at the I. P. Trutnev’s Drawing School ^[13] .

Documents of this school are not presented in the Lithuanian State Historical Archive . Lithuanian and Belarusian scientists in their studies indicate that the archive of the Drawing School in 1915 was exported to Russia (among the cities are called Samara and Saratov), ​​but no traces of it have been found at the moment. Due to the lack of documents, it is not possible to confirm or deny the fact of V. M. Yustitsky’s studies at the Trutnev school. But, probably, V. M. Yustitsky studied at the Drawing School for three academic years: from 1909 to 1912.

In the educational process of the Drawing School, academism dominated for many years. However, having received initial training at school, artists (painters, graphic artists, sculptors, masters of art photography) worked in different styles. Young colleagues of I.P. Trutnev, artists Ivan Rybakov , Sergey Yuzhanin , Nikolay Sergeyev-Korobov and others acquainted students with the modern areas of art - impressionism, traditions of oriental painting, etc.

In 1908-1915, the Vilnius Art Society, in which artists and teachers of the Drawing School took an active part, annually organized exhibitions not only of local artists, but also of artists from Warsaw, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Paris, Munich . Vilna became acquainted with the new trends in art at that time - in 1909-1910. For example, there was an exhibition of the St. Petersburg avant-garde artists “The Triangle - Impressionists”, where one could see the works of Nikolai Kulbin , brothers David and Nikolai Burliukov and others. In the years 1914-1915. An exhibition of paintings by expressionists working in Germany was organized - the Vileanka Marianna Verevkina and Alexei Yavlensky .

At exhibitions held annually by the Art Society, an interested public had the opportunity to see the painting of Mikaloyus Čiurlionis . V. M. Yustitsky could get to know his work starting from the third exhibition in 1909, where 31 works by the artist were exhibited. The following exhibitions were held in 1910 and 1911, at which dozens of his paintings were presented. After the death of M.K. Čiurlionis in March 1911, about 300 paintings were exhibited in Vilnius, and since 1913 a permanent exhibition of the works of this original artist has been created. The writer, anthroposophist, witness of the creative path of M.K. Čiurlionis, B. A. Leman wrote a short article about him in 1916, whose thoughts surprisingly echo the latest arguments of V. M. Yustitsky about the connection between music and painting: “He showed us in his works, the possibility of musical perception of the environment as rhythmically colorful images, harmonized in a sequential change of pace, invariably resolved into a related tonality, determined by the main mood. In order to accept the value of his work, we need to accept this point of view on the world around us as a piece of music, where everything moves with a single common impulse of life and where forms of being are created from this very movement, subject to the single, fundamental law of harmony of the Creative Principle ” ^[14] . Another contemporary, symbolist poet, philosopher Vyacheslav Ivanov wrote a separate article on the problem of synthesis of arts by Čiurlionis, which also echoes the thoughts of V. M. Yustitsky: “The kinetic nature of music reveals itself to us in time and makes us forget about space. Both sisters are so opposed to one another: Painting, knowing one space, and Music, friendly with time alone ... The visual impression is for him (Čiurlionis) the equivalent of a musical theme and develops by analogy with its development ” ^[15] .

Letters of Valentin Mikhailovich reveal his special susceptibility to music. He wrote from prison on March 8, 1939: “... I saw amazing dreams. It was incessant music ... Color was like an illustration of music. The vibrations of color were striking, subtle, barely perceptible, and with musical uplifts everything was transformed into some kind of clear tones, almost solemn, and only the winding black lines went all the time like a leitmotif. This is some kind of musical, pointless painting ... But this combination of color with music is especially interesting. There is no doubt that there will ever be such an art. I never got such a complete impression anywhere. So, somewhere in the convolutions of the brain there are embryos connecting these two arts into a new organism ” ^[16] .

Thus, it is obvious that it was Vilna and her artistic life that gave impetus to the development of the interests of V. M. Yustitsky in the field of art, determined his desire for innovative forms of work. From Vilna, students of the Drawing School to improve their professional skills left for St. Petersburg, Paris, and the cities of Germany. Among them was V. M. Yustitsky. Studying in Vilnius later became famous in the West artists - M. Kikoin, P. Kremen, H. Soutine - lasted 2-3 years. The first two left for Paris in 1912, H. Soutine - in 1913. He was 19-20 years old ^[17] . There is no documentary evidence of V. M. Yustitsky’s stay in Paris, but according to the records in the house book, it can be assumed that he spent one academic year there on the eve of the First World War (1912/1913).

Information about the life and work of Valentin Mikhailovich Yustitsky after returning from Paris is very fragmented. He returned to Vilna, where his mother lived with the rest of the children. My father died on October 23, 1912 from lobar pneumonia (the grave in the Euphrosynevsky cemetery (Vilnius) was not preserved). The last estate was sold on March 14, 1914 ^[18] .

In 1914-1915, Valentin Mikhailovich married Anna Petrovna Kushkova (1894-1968), the daughter of the Vilnius provincial treasurer Pyotr Apolonovich Kushkov. Soon after the wedding, the young ones left for Petrograd ( Vasilievsky Island , 9th Line, 48). In the same place, in Petrograd, there lived also the sister of V. M. Yustitsky, Maria, possibly in the family of uncle Alexander Antonovich Yustitsky, a captain of the 2nd rank, with whose daughters Lydia and Mariana de Gonich were very friendly. In early 1916, Yustitsky and his family moved to Moscow. On May 19, 1916, daughter Nina was born, who was baptized on June 10 in the Moscow Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Khamovniki .

In March 1916, in the store building on Petrovka 17, the Moscow futuristic exhibition “Shop” organized by V. Tatlin and A. Rodchenko was held, where constructivist objects were exhibited. Moscow avant-garde researcher Andrei Sarabyanov wrote: “Yustitsky was the first to exhibit at Tatlin’s exhibition“ Shop “. Yustitsky has several paintings, similar to which are not in our art of that time. It is such a power! Things at this exhibition are the works of 1916, several graphic series made in Moscow under the influence of Tatlin ” ^[19] .

1917 was spent in Kostroma , where Anna's parents and elder brother lived at that time, and Valentin Mikhailovich actively participated in the social and cultural life of the city. He worked on the board of the newly organized Kostroma Art Society, in the commission on the creation of the “Loan of Freedom” poster, participated in exhibitions of the Society of Northern Artists, in entertaining “Evenings of Contrasts”. In the pre-revolutionary years in Kostroma, in the house of Tiden, a public figure and publicist Orest Dmitrievich Durnovo rented an apartment. In 1916-1917, he hosted the famous "artistic Fridays", which gathered the color of the Kostroma intelligentsia. Their soul was a talented artist Valentin Mikhailovich Yustitsky. In the local newspaper one could read the announcement: “Solo performances. Unprecedented program. Novotarism is a poeteric. Identifies Valentin Yustitsky " ^[20] .

In 1918, V. M. Yustitsky was sent to “create proletarian art” ^[21] in Saratov , a city with long-standing artistic traditions. In 1885, on the initiative of the professor of painting A.P. Bogolyubov, the grandson of the writer and philosopher A.N. Radishchev, the first public art museum in Russia was opened here - the Saratov Radishchev Museum . In 1897, the Bogolyubov Drawing School , one of the few then-existing art educational institutions of a new type, accepted the first students. The museum and the school became the center of the art life of the Volga region and brought up more than one generation of artists. The names of V... Borisov-Musatov, P. V. Kuznetsov, A. T. Matveev, P. S. Utkin, A. I. Savinov - innovative masters united by the concept of “Saratov school” gained world fame. In Saratov, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, favorable conditions developed for the development of symbolist tendencies, which were widely used in European art. It was here that in 1904 the exhibition “ Scarlet Rose” took place, which became the source of such an original artistic phenomenon of Russian symbolism as “The Blue Rose .” Since the beginning of the 20th century, Saratov artists have been indispensable exhibitors of the most significant associations of Moscow and St. Petersburg, such as the Moscow Association of Artists , “World of Art” , Union of Russian Artists , “Blue Rose”, “Wreath”, “Golden Fleece”, group “13”, “ 4 Arts ”, Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia .

Together with the artist Nikolai Ivanovich Simon, who arrived from Moscow, Valentin Yustitsky headed the painting and drawing studio at Saratov Proletkult e. Since 1920 he became a professor at the Saratov free state art workshops , where he taught until the beginning of 1935, taking this work no less seriously than his creativity. During these years, Yustitsky became one of the active creators of the new artistic atmosphere of the Volga city: the organizer of noise orchestras of futurists, the Arena Poekhma experimental theater ^[22] , designed legendary performances on Saratov and Moscow theater stages ^[23] , was engaged in the design of a moving bridge across the Volga and other semi-fantastic projects in the spirit of dynamic architecture.

Since 1935, V. M. Yustitsky lived in Moscow, worked under contracts with the book publishers Academia , "Soviet Writer ." He illustrated the works of Emil Zol , Gustave Flaubert, Marcel Proust, Maurice Meterlink, Vladimir Mayakovsky , worked on drawings for the works of A.S. Pushkin ^{[24] [25]} .

On April 23, 1937, he was arrested for anti-Soviet agitation, sentenced to ten years in prison, who served in correctional camps of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, since 1941 - in the Arkhangelsk region . He worked at logging, at the stable, as a cook, as the head of the bathhouse, and only in recent years - by profession: he made copies of reproductions, wove carpets. The idea of ​​a tragic decade is given by letters from the camp addressed to his wife and daughters in Saratov and student Galina Anisimova to Moscow ^[26] . In the fall of 1946, Yustitsky was released and returned to Saratov. For some time he managed the art studio at the combine plant, worked under contracts, executed copies, and private orders.

A significant and most valuable part of the paintings and graphic works is in the Saratov Art Museum named after A.N. Radishchev - about forty paintings and three hundred drawings relating to the second half of the 1910s-1930s, by the end of the 1940s, as well as the archival personal fund of the artist. In recent decades, a number of exhibitions have been held at the Radishchev Museum with the participation of paintings and drawings by the author; many prestigious domestic and foreign exhibitions of the Russian avant-garde cannot do without his early paintings ^[27] .

The first wife is Yustitskaya (Kushkova) Anna Petrovna (1894-1968).

• daughter Yustitskaya-Falkengan Nina Valentinovna (1916, Moscow - 2005, Vilnius);
• grandson Viktor Viktorovich Yustitsky (born in 1940, Koenigsberg) - professor, doctor of law, teaches at universities, author of several books.

Second wife - Yustitskaya (Khiteva) Zoya Nikitichna (1901-?)

• daughter Alekseeva Tatyana Valentinovna (1920, Saratov -?);
• daughter Yustitskaya Anna Valentinovna (1925, Saratov - 2011, Moscow).

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  Yustitsky V.M. "At the table". 1916

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  Yustitsky V.M. "Two figures with a net and fish." 1916

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  Yustitsky V.M. "Picturesque construction with wire." 1920

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  Yustitsky V.M. "Landscape". 1923

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  Yustitsky V.M. "Thrush". 1923

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  Yustitsky V.M. "Spring joys." 1948

• Valentin Yustitsky. The artist’s business. Album. - Saratov, 2014.84 p.: 124 il. ISBN 978-5-600-00819-9
• Water-carrier E. I. Essays on the artistic life of the Saratov era of the “cultural explosion”. 1918-1932. - Saratov: SGHM named after A.N. Radishchev, 2006 .-- 288 pp., Ill. ISBN 5-94370-014-5
• Simonova A. T. "Get Out of Inanimate Life". From the letters of V. M. Yustitsky 1938-1946 // Volga. 1989. No. 7. S. 178-191.
• Artist Valentin Yustitsky / Autost. A.T. Simonova. - Saratov, 2009. ISBN 978-5-94370-023-1
• Chervyakova O.N., Yustitskaya T.V. New materials on the biography of the artist V.M. Yustitsky based on documents from the archives of St. Petersburg, Grodno and Vilnius // Open collections. XV Bogolyubov readings. Materials of the All-Russian Scientific Conference. - Saratov: SGHM them. A.N. Radishchev, 2017.320 s. ISBN 978-5-94370-034-7