Guarana ( port.guaraná , Latin Paullinia cupana ) is a climbing vine of the genus Paullinia of the Sapindaceae family , which grows wild in the Amazonian part of Brazil and Paraguay , as well as found in Peru , Venezuela and Colombia . In Brazil, guarana is grown in the state of Amazonas and in the state of Bahia [2] . Guarana is distinguished by large leaves and flowers, gathered in bunches. The plant is known primarily for its fruits, which are commensurate with coffee beans. As a dietary supplement, guarana is an effective stimulant [3] : it contains twice as much caffeine as coffee beans (2-4.5% caffeine in guarana seeds versus 1-2% in coffee beans). A high concentration of caffeine serves the plant as a protective toxin that protects berries and seeds from pathogens [4] . Guarana fruit the size of a hazelnut , covered with skin from deep yellow to gray; when ripe, the peel bursts and opens one lilac-brown or black seed [5] [2] . Guarana seeds contain resins , tannins and up to 6% caffeine . They produce paste, which is used in certain countries for medical purposes. Caffeine is extracted from the paste, it is added to chocolate and used to make a drink similar to coffee [2] .
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Botanical illustration from Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen , 1887 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Paullinia cupana Kunth , 1821 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Content
History
The Portuguese word guaraná comes from the name warana (“fruit like the eyes of men” [2] ) of the language of the Amazonian Maué [6] . The Latin name of the botanical genus is given in honor of Paulini [2] . The plant was first described in European colonies and Europe in the 16th century by Oviedo, Hernandez, Cobo and other Spanish chroniclers. By 1958, guarana was commercialized [7] . The Latin name is given in honor of the German botanist Christian Paullini .
Guarana plays an important role in the cultures of the Tupi and Guaraní peoples . [ which one? ] The guarana fruit in the context resembles an eyeball, which served as the basis for the myth [5] , according to which the evil god killed a child of the pet of the village of the Maue people. To console the villagers, a more generous god drew his left eye from the deceased child and planted it in the forest, which led to a wide variety of guarana. Then God took the right eye from the dead child and planted it in the village, thereby laying the foundation for the development of guarana [8] .
For the first time, Luiz Pereira Barreto started using guarana fruit. He was a doctor from Rio de Janeiro . In 1906, this man launched the world's first soda based on guarana fruit and built a whole plant to produce this drink. In 1921, Luis Pereira Barreto launched the famous champagne factory - Guaraná Champagne Antarctica [9] [2] .
Composition
| Guarana seeds Nutrition value per 100 g of product | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Energy value 0 kcal 0 kJ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and ethnobotanical | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
The table on the right shows the substances found in the seeds of guarana [10] [11] ; other parts of the plant may contain these substances in other quantities.
The chemical composition of guaranin is identical to caffeine obtained from other sources, such as coffee , tea or mate . Guaranin, thein and matein are all synonymous with caffeine, as these substances contain nothing but caffeine [12] . In addition to caffeine itself, natural sources of this substance contain multivariate mixtures of xanthine alkaloids , including theophylline and theobromine pacemakers and other substances such as polyphenols, which can form insoluble mixtures with caffeine [13] . The main polyphenols found in guarana are catechins and epicatechins [14] . Guarana also contains vitamins B , A and E [2] .
Usage
The plant has long been used by the indigenous inhabitants of South America - the Tupi and Guarani Indians, in particular, during long crossings. Some tribes used this plant as a means of payment [2] .
In addition, these seeds have traditionally been used to treat headaches, fever, fever , spasms , as a stimulant, and for prophylaxis against bacterial infections, as a tonic and firming agent. Latin American Indians believe that guarana helps not only from hunger , but also from fatigue, arthritis and diarrhea . Guarana has also been used for a long time to treat a hangover [2] .
After the fruits are picked, the seeds are separated from the pulp, preventing fermentation. After that, the seeds are fried, saving them from the skins. And then the guarana seeds are ground into fine powder. Indians believe that it is this powder that can cure many diseases [2] .
Currently, guarana is part of most energy drinks , added to teas, and also sometimes to lollipops and sweets. Guarana flavored products are common in Brazil , from carbonated drinks to toothpaste. In South America, most of the caffeine comes from guarana [15] . Guarana extract is used in sports nutrition . Also in the modern world, the plant is used as a dietary supplement and supplements for weight loss [2] .
Drinks
Brazil , the third largest consumer of soft drinks in the world [16] , produces several brands of drinks containing guarana extract. The Portuguese word “Guaraná” is widely used in Brazil as a generic name for all soft drinks. Brazilian sales of Guarana drinks exceed sales of cola [17] . Brazil also produces various types of alcoholic beverages with guarana extracts, without the addition of caffeine [2] .
Despite the fact that all these drinks are prepared on the basis of guarana, they differ in taste and do not completely preserve the natural taste of guarana. As a rule, the taste of these drinks is fruity and rather mild, with a sweetish flavor. Also, drinks made in Brazil are exported to neighboring countries. The most famous brand-name drink in Brazil, based on guarana, is Guaraná Antarctica. Paraguay has a number of its guarana-based beverage brands. Famous brands in Paraguay include Maxi, De La Costa and De Niko. Local residents and small producers also make drinks from guarana, but only for their needs and needs. Or for small, domestic business [2] .
Peru also produces soft drinks under the guarana brand owned by Backus and Johnston. In 2007, the drink occupied 5% of the Peruvian market of soft drinks, and was re-released with a new bottle and logo, as well as in the new light version, and a year later, sales of the drink increased by 49% [18] .
Tea is made from guarana by peeling, soaking and drying the seeds and then grinding them into fine powder. The powder is added to the dough from which the cylinders are molded. This product is known as guarana bread, which is ground and immersed in hot water with sugar [7] .
Cognitive Effect
Guarana is rich in caffeine, therefore it is of interest in terms of impact on cognitive abilities . In 1997, a clinical study of rat guarana was conducted. The results showed that the group of rats fed guarana physically developed better than the control group. Also, a group of rats taking guarana had a better memory [19] .
In 2007, the first human experiments were carried out [20] , during which the effects of four different doses ( 37.5 mg , 75 mg , 150 mg and 300 mg ) of guarana extract were studied. After the first two doses, a positive effect on memory, vigor and mood was already noted. After taking a dose of over 75 mg, there was a significant improvement in cognitive abilities.
Other uses and side effects
In the USA, guarana did not receive GRAS status, which excludes food from licensing control. The American Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) does not confirm any of the medicinal properties of guarana and classifies it as a food supplement (food color) [1] . According to experts, guarana cannot be used to diagnose, treat, or prevent any disease [2] .
In one study, which was conducted in June 2001, it studied the effect of plants on weight loss. According to the results of the experiment, the following results were noted: in the group that took the mixture of mate , guarana and damiana , the average weight loss was 5.1 kilograms after 45 days, and in the placebo group for the same period the average weight loss was less than half a kilogram [21 ] [2] . However, this study does not prove that it was guarana that affected weight loss, as participants took a mixture from different plants. Moreover, this experiment contradicts the results of another study, which showed that the formula containing guarana had no effect on human body weight [22] .
Guarana extract was also studied at the Brazilian University. Guarana was studied here as a medicine. As a result, it turned out that guarana by thirty-seven percent prevents the reduction of thromboxane [23] [2] . It is not known whether this effect affects the risk of developing myocardial infarction or stroke [24] .
Other laboratory studies have indicated the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of guarana. As a result of constant consumption of guarana (in combination with linoleic acid) in mice, a decrease in body fat was observed [25] .
Guarana in combination with caffeine is also an active component of some “energy chewing gums” produced in Europe, the USA and Australia [26] .
According to unconfirmed information, excessive consumption of energy drinks containing guarana (especially in combination with caffeine and taurine ) can contribute to the onset of epilepsy in some people [27] . Side effects from the guarana plant were observed very rarely, but despite this, doctors do not recommend abusing this product [2] .
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tarja Shiroyama. South America / Guarana - a fruit that kindles life . latindex.ru. Date of treatment March 20, 2011. Archived on February 4, 2012.
- ↑ Johannes, Laura . Can a Caffeine-Packed Plant Give a Boost? (March 2, 2010), p. 3.
- ↑ Ashihara H., Sano H., Crozier A. Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: biosynthesis, catabolism, function and genetic engineering (Eng.) // Phytochemistry: journal. - 2008 .-- February ( vol. 69 , no. 4 ). - P. 41-56 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.phytochem.2007.10.10.029 . - PMID 18068204 .
- ↑ 1 2 Sir Ghillean Prance, Mark Nesbitt. Cultural History of Plants. - New York : Routledge, 2004 .-- P. 179.
- ↑ guarana . Merriam Webster Date of treatment September 18, 2007. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ 1 2 Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer. The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. - New York : Routledge, 2001 .-- S. 259-260.
- ↑ Hans T. Beck. 10 Caffeine, Alcohol, and Sweeteners, Cultural History of Plants / Sir Ghillean Prance and Mark Nesbitt .. - New York : Routledge, 2004. - S. 179.
- ↑ Guarana Antarctica . Official site. Date of treatment March 20, 2011. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ 1 2 Guarana (inaccessible link) . Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases (September 18, 2007). Date of treatment September 18, 2007. Archived November 19, 2004.
- ↑ 1 2 Duke, James A. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. - Boca Raton, FL .: CRC Press, 1992.
- ↑ Caffeine . PubChem publich chemical database. Date of treatment July 26, 2011. Archived August 23, 2011.
- ↑ Balentine DA, Harbowy ME and Graham HN Tea: the Plant and its Manufacture; Chemistry and Consumption of the Beverage / G Spiller .. - 1998.
- ↑ Carlson M .; Thompson RD Titre du document / Document title . Journal of AOAC International (1998). Date of treatment October 2, 2012. Archived October 17, 2012.
- ↑ Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer. The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. - New York : Routledge, 2001 .-- S. 230.
- ↑ Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer. The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. - New York : Routledge, 2001 .-- S. 192—193.
- ↑ Matt Moffett and Nikhil Deogun. Guarana's potent reputation makes consumers drink it up . The Wall Street Journal . Standard Times. Date of treatment September 18, 2007. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ Guaraná Backus . backus.com. Date of treatment March 19, 2011. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ Espinola EB, Dias RF, Mattei R., Carlini EA. Pharmacological activity of Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) In laboratory animals (Eng.) // J Ethnopharmacol: journal. - 1997 .-- February ( vol. 55 , no. 3 ). - P. 223-229 . - DOI : 10.1016 / S0378-8741 (96) 01506-1 . - PMID 9080343 .
- ↑ Haskell CF, Kennedy DO, Wesnes KA, Milne AL, Scholey AB. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose evaluation of the acute behavioral effects of guaraná in humans (Eng.) // J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford): journal. - 2007 .-- January ( vol. 21 , no. 1 ). - P. 65-70 . - DOI : 10.1177 / 0269881106063815 . - PMID 16533867 .
- ↑ Anderson, T and Foght, J. Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients (English) // J Hum Nutr Diet: journal. - 2001. - Vol. 14 , no. 3 . - P. 243 . - DOI : 10.1046 / j.1365-277X.2001.00290.x . - PMID 11424516 .
- ↑ Sale C., Harris RC, Delves S., Corbett J. Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males (Eng.) // Int J Obes (Lond ): journal. - 2006 .-- May ( vol. 30 , no. 5 ). - P. 764-773 . - DOI : 10.1038 / sj.ijo.0803209 . - PMID 16418760 .
- ↑ Bydlowski SP, D'Amico EA, Chamone DA. An aqueous extract of guaraná (Paullinia cupana) decreases platelet thromboxane synthesis (English) // Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res: journal. - 1991. - Vol. 24 , no. 4 . - P. 421-424 . - PMID 1823256 .
- ↑ Nicolaou, KC et al. Synthesis and biological properties of pinane-thromboxane A2, a selective inhibitor of coronary artery constriction, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane formation (Eng.) // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA: journal. - 1979. - Vol. 76 , no. 6 . - P. 2566-2570 . - DOI : 10.1073 / pnas.76.6.2566 . - PMID 288046 .
- ↑ Terpstra; Beynen, AC; Everts, H; Kocsis, S; Katan, MB; Zock, PL et al. The Decrease in Body Fat in Mice Fed Conjugated Linoleic Acid Is Due to Increases in Energy Expenditure and Energy Loss in the Excreta // J Nutr: journal. - 2002. - Vol. 132 , no. 5 . - P. 940-945 . - PMID 11983818 . Archived July 30, 2010.
- ↑ Prashant K. Pagare et al. Medicated Chewing Gum: A Novel Drug Delivery System // Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. - 2012. - No. 2 (6) . - S. 40-54 . - ISSN 2231-3354 .
- ↑ Iyadurai SJ, Chung SS. New-onset seizures in adults: possible association with consumption of popular energy drinks (Eng.) // Epilepsy Behav: journal. - 2007 .-- May ( vol. 10 , no. 3 ). - P. 504-508 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.yebeh.2007.01.01.009 . - PMID 17349826 .
Literature
- Guarana // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. (Retrieved May 17, 2011)