The Shusha Massacre [1] - the massacres of the Armenian population of the city of Shusha ( Nagorno-Karabakh ) in March 1920 [2] [3] , which, according to various estimates, killed 500 [4] up to 30 thousand Armenian residents, were the Armenian part of the city was burned and destroyed and the entire Armenian population was expelled [5] [6] .
Content
Shusha in the late XIX - early XX centuries
In 1883 , according to the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron , the population of Shusha was 25'656 people (13'282 men and 12'374 women), including 56.5% of Armenians and 43.2% of Azerbaijani Tatars ; the rest are Russians (3%) and Jews [7] .
By the end of the 19th century, the Armenian district occupied about 65% of the city’s territory and included 18 blocks; the Armenian part was upland, the Tatar part was low. In the Armenian part there were a real school, a county seminary for girls, a theater, a city hospital, as well as offices. In the Tatar - Russian-Tatar school, a number of music schools, as well as private schools [8] .
In the Tatar sector, about 80 houses burned down. By the beginning of 1907, the population of the city sharply decreased.
It took a decade for the city to recover to some extent. The commercial part of the Armenian sector was restored, but many Armenian houses lay in ruins for a long time.
As the British journalist Thomas de Waal wrote in his book “The Black Garden”,
Shusha is an excellent object for studying how neighbors suddenly cease to be friends and begin to fight each other. In the past century, this city was burned to the ground three times - in 1905, 1920 and 1992 [9] .
According to Russian statistics of 1916, 43'869 people lived in Shusha, of whom 23'396 were Armenians (53%) and 19'121 Azerbaijanis (44%) [10] .
The ethnopolitical situation in the Transcaucasus at the beginning of the 20th century
Transcaucasia has long been the focus of ethnic conflicts, which were particularly aggravated as a result of the weakening of the central Russian government, the presence of a significant amount of weapons in the region and the imposition of late 1917 - early 1918. ethnic contradictions in the struggle for power between diverse political forces, movements, groups, family clans, combined with the rivalry of the leading states for geopolitical control over the region, expressed in foreign armed intervention. Under these conditions, the struggle for political power in 1918-1920. turned into a series of bloody inter-ethnic clashes - in South Ossetia , Karabakh , Zangezur , Baku - accompanied by a national massacre and leading to retaliatory ethnic violence.
1918
The first attempt to create a united multinational Transcaucasian Federation failed in May 1918 because of the radical contradictions of the interests of the national elites and under the influence of external forces - Germany and Turkey . On May 28, independent Azerbaijan and Armenia were proclaimed, while in the Azerbaijan Republic, proclaimed on the territory of the former Baku and Elizavetpol provinces of the Russian Empire , included areas with a mixed Armenian-Muslim population ( Karabakh , Zangezur ). The establishment of control over Karabakh in September-October 1918 was attended by the Turkish occupying forces that participated in hostilities together with armed groups controlled by the ADRs.
A month before the ADR was declared in Baku , the Council of People’s Commissars came to power, recognizing the power of the SNK of the RSFSR and relying on Soviet troops and armed detachments of the Armenian Dashnaktsutyun Party, which massacred the Muslim population of the city in late March-early April.
The hostility of the local Muslim population towards the armed formations of the Baku SNK, mainly consisting of ethnic Armenians, largely contributed to the success of the offensive of the combined Turkish-Azerbaijani troops on Baku . The capture of Baku in mid-September 1918 led to a new wave of massacres and robberies - this time among the civilians - the Armenians.
According to the report of the Minister of the Interior to the ADR government, in Zangezur , where an armed Armenian detachment settled under the command of General Andranik , there were numerous Armenian attacks on Muslim villages, mass robberies and murders [11] [12] .
1919
On January 15, 1919, the government of the ADR established the Karabakh Governor-General, and the British military command approved the appointment of Khosrov Bek Sultanov as Governor-General of Karabakh and Zangezur [13] [14] [15] , declaring that the final decision on the status of the region would be made Paris Peace Conference [16] .
In response to the appointment of Sultanov, the national congresses of the Armenians of Karabakh, regularly convened in Shusha , twice - on February 19 and April 23, 1919 - declared Karabakh "an integral part of Armenia" and declared their refusal to cooperate with the governor-general appointed by the ADR authorities. [14] [17] [18] .
On June 4 - 5, 1919, armed clashes between Armenians, Kurds and Azerbaijanis took place in Shusha and its environs. Kurdish and Azerbaijani nomads, led by the brother-governor-general Sultanov, slaughtered the Armenian village of Gayballa (Kaybalikend). Residents of other Armenian villages attacked, organized and repulsed [19] . According to a representative of the British military mission, out of 700 residents of the village of Kaybalikend only 11 men and 87 women and children survived [20] [21] . After these events, Khosrov-bek Sultanov imposed a blockade on the Armenian part of the city of Shushi.
On August 12, 1919, as a pressure on the Armenian authorities of Karabakh, Sultanov ordered to block the Shusha-Yevlakh highway and all roads leading to Nagorno-Karabakh, put guns on the Armenian part of the city and demanded to recognize the power of Azerbaijan within 48 hours [22] . Considering that the English garrison, preparing for the forthcoming evacuation from Azerbaijan, was withdrawn from Shushi, the Armenians found themselves in a hopeless situation and on August 22 they concluded an agreement according to which Nagorno-Karabakh declared that it considers itself “temporarily within the Azerbaijan Republic” (until the final decision issue at the Paris Peace Conference ). For this, Karabakh Armenians maintained self-government, Azerbaijan undertook to maintain garrisons in Shusha and Khankendi only in peacetime states and not to send troops into Nagorno-Karabakh except with the consent of the Armenian National Council (Government) of Karabakh; the disarmament of the population ceased until the decision of the Paris Peace Conference [23] .
For almost the entire autumn, from September to November, Azerbaijani forces conducted military operations in neighboring Zangezur , trying in vain to establish control over it. On November 23, 1919, an agreement was concluded between Azerbaijan and Armenia in Tiflis , according to which the parties pledged to stop all armed clashes between them, open roads leading to Zangezur, and resolve all disputed issues, including the issue of borders, by peaceful means [24] . Under the agreement, Armenia committed itself to withdraw its troops from Zangezur [25] .
Early 1920
As the American historian Richard Hovhannisyan points out , the agreement concluded in August 1919 severely limited the Azerbaijani administrative and military presence in the region and established internal autonomy for Nagorno-Karabakh [26] .
From the very beginning of 1920 , however, Governor-General Khosrov Bek Sultanov, in violation of the terms of the agreement, took steps to tighten the blockade of Karabakh - the number of Azerbaijani armed forces at strategic points was increased and local people were armed [27] .
These actions were accompanied by accusations of neighboring Armenia in the preparation of an attack on Nagorno-Karabakh [28] and statements about the need to introduce additional troops into Varanda and Zangelan in order to prevent Zangazur from danger from the side [29] .
On February 19, Sultanov categorically demanded that the Armenian National Council of Karabakh immediately resolve the issue of the entry of Karabakh into Azerbaijan [30] . Azerbaijan has begun to concentrate its troops and irregular armed detachments around Nagorno-Karabakh. Turkish General Khalil Pasha arrived in Shusha as a military adviser [31] .
February 28 - March 4, 1920, the Eighth Congress of the Armenians of Karabakh was held, which rejected Sultanov’s demand for "final entry into Azerbaijan." The congress accused Sultanov of numerous violations of the peace agreement, bringing troops into Karabakh without the permission of the National Council and organizing the murders of Armenians, in particular the massacres committed on February 22 on the Shusha - Yevlakh highway, in Khankandi and Askeran , where, as stated in the Congress resolution, several hundred Armenians were exterminated [32] . In accordance with the decision of the congress, diplomatic and military representatives of the Allied states of the Entente, the three Transcaucasian republics and the interim governor-general of Karabakh were informed that the Armenians had to appeal to "appropriate means" for protection.
On March 8, Armenia sent a note to Azerbaijan, accusing it of up to 400 civilians in the Armenian population in Khankandakh and Aghdam inhumanly killing [33] . On March 16, Fatali Khan Khoysky , Minister of Foreign Affairs of the ADR, sent a response note to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, in which these accusations were rejected and stated that 7 Armenians were killed as a result of “ minor excesses ” [34] .
In mid-March, Azerbaijan, following the ultimatum, launched the disarmament of the Armenians of Karabakh; at the same time, Azerbaijani forces invaded Zangezur [35] .
Events of March 22–26, 1920
The violation of the August agreement by the Azerbaijani side, in the opinion of Richard Hovhannisyan , ultimately led to an unsuccessful attempt at an armed uprising in late March 1920 [26] .
According to the Minister of the Interior of the ADR M. Vekilov, by March 22 the number of armed Armenians was brought up to 400 [36] .
On the night of March 22-23, during the celebration of Novruz , Armenian armed forces attacked the Azerbaijani garrisons in Shusha , Askeran and Khankendi , trying to take Azerbaijanis by surprise. According to the plan, it was supposed to strike a simultaneous strike in three strategic points. According to Hovhannisyan, a detachment of 100 Armenian local militias led by Nerses Azbekyan, who was to disarm the Azerbaijani garrison in the Armenian quarter, and a militia detachment from Varanda, who arrived in the city on March 22, were supposed to operate in Shusha, allegedly to get a salary and congratulate Governor Sultanov on the holiday. However, the plan failed: the Varandi people lingered for too long and managed to arrest only a few Azeri officers stationed in the morning, while a hundred Azbekian, unable to establish contact with the Varandinians, began shelling the Shusha fortress from afar, which allowed the Azerbaijanis to fight back.
Governor-General Khosrov Bek Sultanov informed the Minister of Internal Affairs that on March 23, Armenians launched attacks at night in Shusha from Shushikend. [37]
The confusion continued until morning, when the garrison, which received news of the failure of the Armenian attack on Khankend, struck back, and then, with the participation of local Azeri residents, massacred the Armenian quarters, which led to mass death and the expulsion of the entire Armenian population caught by surprise, and the destruction of Armenian neighborhoods as a result of the outbreak of fire. Several thousand inhabitants, using the thick fog, managed to escape from the city along the Karintak road in the direction of Varanda [38] . Among the victims was the Armenian Bishop Vahan, who was hanged by Azerbaijanis, and the head of the city police Avetis Ter-Ghukasyan, burned alive [4] [39] .
Shusha massacre in the descriptions of participants and eyewitnesses
Description of events from the words of Novruzov
According to the story of the participant of events from the Azerbaijani side, Mashadi Abushbek Novruzov, on March 22, influential representatives of the Armenian community headed by the city head Gerasim Melik-Shakhnazarov spoke at a festive meeting, where they declared the need for peaceful coexistence of two peoples.
On the afternoon of March 22, several officers were slaughtered by Armenian women. A garrison of about 200 men in the barracks was surrounded by Armenian troops. During the night, gunfire was opened in the Muslim part of Shushi. Azerbaijanis fired back at the Armenian part of the city. In the morning the Azerbaijanis launched an offensive. A panicky flight of the Armenian population began. Most Armenians fled to nearby villages, and the rest were captured or killed.
Seeing the flames of burning houses, the Dashnaks attacked the military hospital of the Azerbaijani army in Khankendi and killed the sick soldiers who were in it. By order of Governor Sultanov, all the prisoners were placed under the protection of soldiers in separate houses, and influential people from Armenians, including the bishop, were placed in Shusha prison, for their personal safety. However, the soldiers of the garrison, angry with the killing of their officers, violated the order of the governor, broke into the prison and killed the Armenians there [40] .
The Story of Melik-Shahnazaryan and Suren
According to the story of the participant from the Armenian side, Zare Melik-Shahnazaryan, on March 23 early in the morning, firing began on the entire border of two parts of the city - Armenian and Tatar. Tatars began to set fire to the house. Under the cover of fire, the “Turks” [41] were moving deeper into the Armenian part of Shushi, plundering the houses of Armenians. The defense of the Armenians was unorganized.
The men and the refugees covered by them left Shushi along the Karintak road. At 4:30 am on March 24, Armenian police officers received an order to retreat further and finally left Shusha [42] .
Characteristic of the March events
The suppression of the Armenian uprising in Nagorno-Karabakh and the ethnic cleansing that followed, which caused the destruction of the Armenian part of Shushi, the death and flight of its inhabitants, mention in their works on ethnic conflicts in the Caucasus and Europe, researchers Michael P. Croissant [ 43] , Tim Potier [44] , Benjamin Lieberman [45] , Russian researcher Andrei Zubov [1] .
Michael Croissant points to a massive concentration of Azerbaijani armed forces in Nagorno-Karabakh at the end of March 1920, aimed at suppressing the Armenian uprising and leading to the destruction of Shusha as a stronghold of Armenian forces [46] .
Benjamin Lieberman talked about the suppression by Azerbaijanis of the Armenian uprising in Shusha and the destruction of a large part of the Armenian city [3] .
Thomas de Waal writes that the Armenian and Azerbaijani communities of Shushi were tied by trade and Russian power. After the Russian left, “ Azerbaijani troops swept the upper, Armenian part of the city ” [9] .
Estimates of the scale of the tragedy
According to the data of the researcher of the First Republic of Armenia, Richard Hovhannisyan , as a result of these events 500 Armenians died and 2 thousand houses were burned [4] . As Hovhannisyan notes, there are many primary sources describing the destruction in Shusha [47] .
Tim Pote in his work, referring to the third edition of TSB, 1970, released by the London publishing house Collier Macmillan , indicates that during the events 2096 residents of the city died [48] .
Shusha after the tragedy
Sergo Ordzhonikidze , who headed the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (6) from April 1920 and actively participated in the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, noted in 1936: “I remember with horror today the picture that we saw in Shusha in May 1920 of the year. The most beautiful Armenian city was destroyed, crushed to the ground, and in the wells we saw the corpses of women and children ” [49] .
In 1927, Marietta Shaginyan wrote in her memoirs the following [50] :
“... I saw the core of Shushi. Here, over three days in March 1920, 7,000 houses were destroyed and burned and slaughtered - the figures call different ... some say three or four thousand Armenians, others over twelve thousand. The fact is that out of thirty five thousand Armenians there is not a single one in Shusha. ”
The Russian poet Osip Mandelstam , who visited Shusha in 1931 , wrote a poem (“The Faetonist”) dedicated to the Shusha tragedy [51] :
So in Nagorno-Karabakh,
In the predatory city of Shusha,
I experienced these fears
Natural to the soul ...
His wife Nadezhda Mandelstam recalled the streets of the devastated city [52]
The March events were a serious blow to Shushi. Its population fell several times - from 67 thousand to 9 thousand (in 1932, even 5,597 people [53] .) And since then has not risen above 17 thousand in 1989. Shusha lost its former value; Stepanakert was declared the capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region , and Shusha became a district center.
Journalist Thomas de Waal writes in the book “Black Garden” that in 1961 the communist leadership of Baku decided to demolish the ruins, although many old buildings could still be restored [9] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Zubov A. B. The political future of the Caucasus: the experience of a retrospective-comparative analysis // Znamya Magazine, 2000, # 4
- ↑ Richard G. Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia, Vol. III: From London to Sèvres, February-August 1920, pp. 151-152.
- ↑ 1 2 In 1920 Azerbaijan was suppressed by uprising at Shusha and destroyed much of the Armenian town. Benjamin Lieberman. Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. ISBN 1-56663-646-9
- ↑ 1 2 3 Richard G. Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia, Vol. III: From London to Sèvres, February-August 1920, p. 152.Original Text (Eng.)The Azerbaijani troops, turned into a shushi into an inferno. From March 23 to 26, some 2,000 structures were consumed in the flames, cultural institutes, schools, libraries, the business section and the grand homes of the merchant class. Bishop Vahan (-Gri paid). The Avetis Ter-Ghukasian, the chief of police, was turned into a lawsuit, including many Bolshevik Alexandre Dsaturian, among the 500 Armenian victims.
- ↑ Giovanni Guaita. Armenia between the Bolshevik hammer and Kemalist anvil // 1700 Years of Faithfulness: The History of Armenia and its Churches. - Moscow: FAM, 2001. - ISBN 5898310134 .
- ↑ Lords Hansard . 170701-19 Neopr . publications.parliament.uk (1 Jul 1997) . The appeal date is April 5, 2016.
- ↑ Shusha // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 add.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Musiqi Dunyasi . musigi-dunya.az. The appeal date is April 5, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Baal de T. Black Garden. Armenia and Azerbaijan between peace and war
- Кавказ Caucasian calendar for 1917. Tiflis, 1916, p. 190–196
- ↑ Report to the government of the Minister of the Interior of the ADR (not available link)
- ↑ Extract from the affairs of the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs about the violence perpetrated against the Muslim population of Karabakh and the districts of the Erivan province, Armenians and troops of the Armenian Republic adjacent to the Ganja province (from case No. 80 - 1918, IV Sep.)
- Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 62, document No. 38 official notification of the British military mission to the population of Zangezur and Karabakh dated January 15, 1919.
- ↑ 1 2 “Armenia: The Survival of a Nation”, revised second edition, 1990, by Christopher J. Walker, page 270
- Ade Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. ISBN 0-231-07068-3
- ↑ Circular by colonel DI Shuttleworth of the British Command
- Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 79, document No. 49 Letter of the Chairman of the IV Karabakh Armenian National Congress to the Baku Armenian National Council of February 19, 1919
- Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 167, document No. 109 Communication of the V Karabakh Armenian National Congress to the Karabakh Governor-General about refusing to cooperate with him. April 26, 1919
- Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 257, document No. 171 From the report of the Caucasian Word newspaper on the attack of the Tatars and Kurds on Armenians who resisted for several days. June 17, 1919
- Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 240, document No. 155 A report of a representative of the British military mission in Shusha to the Azerbaijani government about the massacre of Armenians and pogroms in the town of Shusha, villages adjacent to the city and the indulgence of the Shushi governor-general. Early June 1919
- ↑ The New York Times, Sept. 4, 1919. "Nurses stuck to post"
- Слово Slovo, 08.28.1919
- Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, pp. 323-326, document No. 214
- ↑ Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918―20). Army. (Documents and materials). Baku, 1998, p. 389
- ↑ Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918―20). Army. (Documents and materials). Baku, 1998, p. 251
- 2 1 2 Hovannisian RG The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times . - Palgrave Macmillan , 1997. - Vol. Ii. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. - P. 318. - 493 p. - ISBN 0312101686 , ISBN 9780312101688 . Original Text (Eng.)Finally, in August 1919, the Karabagh National Assembly yielded to provisional and state jurisdiction. Residential autonomy of Karabagh.
Violations of those conditions by Azerbaijan. - ↑ Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923: collection of documents and materials, 1992, pp. 638-639, document No. 443: A letter from a member of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan to the Government of the RSFSR about the massacres and massacres organized by the Musavatists in Karabakh in March 1920, mid-June 1921 .
- Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 364, document No. 241: Note by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia dated January 22, 1920
- ↑ Report of the diplomatic representative of the Republic of Armenia in Azerbaijan to the Foreign Ministry of Armenia. January 22, 1920 // Nagorny Karabakh in 1919-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, Armenian Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 1992 p. 362.
- Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 378, document No. 257
- Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 376, document No. 254
- ↑ Karabakh in 1918-1923: a collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 380, document No. 257
- ↑ Note of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan on taking measures to prevent the advance of Azerbaijani troops deep into Nagorno-Karabakh and Zangezur, March 8, 1920, // Nagorno-Karabakh in 1919-1923: collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, Armenian Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 1992 p. 385.
- ↑ Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920). Foreign policy. (Documents and materials). - Baku, 1998, p. 568. Original text (rus.)As for the information you give about the unjustified allegedly beating by Azerbaijani troops of 400 civilians of the Armenian population, the destruction of their houses, the closure of the Agdam-Shusha road for Armenians and the economic boycott of the Armenians I consider it necessary to declare that all this information is false. // In reality, the following happened: on February 21 , near Khankend in the forest, a killed and disfigured Muslim was found, by whom the askers of the regiment standing in Khankend recognized their disappeared comrade. On this basis, on February 22, minor excesses occurred, caused by the comrades of the murdered and refugees from Zangezur, and were killed in the Khankand-2 Armenian, in the Aghdam-3 and in the Khojaly-3. // Emergency measures of the governor-general order was immediately restored and 4 guilty persons were arrested, who are being held in prison and will be duly punished by the court.
- Review of the military ministry of Azerbaijan on the events in Karabakh and Zangezur from January 1 to April 1, 1920, // Nagorny Karabakh in 1919-1923: collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, Armenian Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 1992 p. 416.
- ↑ Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918―20). Parliament. (Stenographic reports). Baku, 1998, p. 940
- ↑ Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920). Army. (Documents and materials). - Baku, 1998, p. 265
- ↑ Richard G. Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia, Vol. III: From London to Sèvres, February-August 1920 Original Text (Eng.)Failure at Khankend sealed the doom of Shushi. As planned, the Governor-General Sultanov on the occasion of the Novruz Bairam. It was about the same day, about 100 men of the armed forces led to the military in the Armenian quarter. But everything went wrong. It wasn’t been a scamming arms. It was only then that the Varanda militiamen were roused and began to seize the Azerbaijani officers. It’s learned that they’ve been confused. Armenians of Shushi by surprise. Several thousand frightened by the way of Karintak into the Varanda countryside.
- Ovan Hovannisian RG - Palgrave Macmillan , 1997. - Vol. Ii. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. - P. 318. - 493 p. - ISBN 0312101686 , ISBN 9780312101688 . Original Text (Eng.)In retribution, hanged Bishop Vahan, and massacred much of the population. It was the end of Armenian Shushi.
- ↑ [The story of Mashadi Abushbek Novruzov, an eyewitness to four Armenian-Azerbaijani clashes in the city of Shusha. Diplomatiya Alemi, # 11, 2005, pp. 108-111. https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131244/http://www.mfa.gov.az/eng/images/stories/jurnal/11.pdf ]
- ↑ so Armenians called Azerbaijanis
- ↑ SHUSH'S DEATH Undecided . sumgait.info. The appeal date is April 5, 2016.
- ↑ Michael P. Croissant. The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. ISBN 0-275-96241-5
- ↑ Tim Potier. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal.
- ↑ Benjamin Lieberman. Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. ISBN 1-56663-646-9
- Ris shif eventually eventually shif shif shif shif shif shif shif shif shif shif shif shif shif shif shif shif shif 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 Michael P. Croissant. The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. ISBN 0-275-96241-5
- ↑ Richard G. Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia, Vol. III: From London to Sèvres, February-August 1920, p. 152.
"95 There are descriptions of the destruction of Shushi. See, for example, FO 371/4956, E5328 / 134/58 enclosures, and 371/5168, E6768 / 262/44 enclosure; Archives de 1'Armee, 20N / 186, dossier 1, Revue de la Presse, 10-16 avril 1920, and dossier 3, nos. 110-112, Corbel's telegram, April 12, 1920; Haradj, April 20: 2, May 6: 3, 1920; Rep. of Arm. Del. Archives, File 66a / 3, no. 78, April 10-14, 1920; Hovhannisian, op. cit., pp. 142-145; Dashnaktsutiun Archives, File 1649, Balayan and Yolian report, pp. 34-35, and "Gords Arsen Mikayeliani." »
- ↑ According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Third Edition, 1970), the events of the city population (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 17, London, Collier Macmillan, 1973, p. 301). Tim Potier. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal
- ↑ Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Selected articles and speeches: 1918-1937 1945, 474 pages, p. 422
- ↑ M.Shaginyan, “Nagorno-Karabakh”, 1927. Cited by: Shahen Mkrtchan, Shors Davtyan. Shushi: a city of tragic fate. Amaras, 1997, p. 73
- ↑ Osip Mandelstam , Faetonschik, Archived copy . The appeal date was August 29, 2007. Archived August 13, 2007.
- ↑ N. Ya. Mandelstam, Book Three, Paris: YMCA-PRESS, 1978, p. 162–163
- ↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia. M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, Volume 62, 1933