Hetum I ( Getum , Guyton [1] , Haiton , Armenian Հեթում Ա ; 1213 - October 28, 1270 ) - King of Cilician Armenia from 1226 , founder of the Hetumid dynasty. The son of Constantine Pyle , the cousin of King Levon II . In the history of Armenia, this is the only king who managed to rule the country for 45 years. The time of his reign is considered the heyday of the culture of Cilicia Armenia. In 1270 he abdicated the throne in favor of his son Levon and spent the rest of his life in the monastery, where he died on October 28, 1270.
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| Եթում Ա | |||||||
 Image of the Cilician Armenian King Hetum I. | |||||||
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| Predecessor | Philip of Antioch | ||||||
| Successor | Levon III | ||||||
| Birth | 1213 | ||||||
| Death | October 28, 1270 | ||||||
| Rod | Hetumids | ||||||
| Father | |||||||
| Mother | |||||||
| Spouse | Zabel | ||||||
| Children | Euphemia Maria Sibylla Levon Hummock Rita I Isabel Vasak | ||||||
Content
Ascension to the throne
Levon II, the last king from the Rubenid dynasty, did not have sons, therefore after his death the husband of his daughter Isabella (or Zabel ) was to become the king. The Regency Council, headed by Sparapet (Commander) Konstantin Pile, issued in 1221 the six- year -old Isabella for the son of Bohemond IV of Antioch, Philip , who was thus elevated to the kingdom. However, Philip broke his promise to rule in accordance with Armenian customs, began to attract Latins to the service, to take out valuables from Cilicia to Antioch . In 1225, Philip was captured and killed.
Konstantin Pyle persuaded the Catholicos to marry the daughter of Levon II to his son Hetum. On June 14, 1226, Hetum married Isabella and became her co-ruler, marking the beginning of the Hethumid dynasty. In order to show the legitimacy of the new dynasty, all three sons of Hetum I and Isabella were given the usual names for Rubenides - Levon, Toros, Ruben.
Start Board
Until the age of majority of Hetum and Isabella , Konstantin Pyle remained as regent. An important role in the administration of the state was played by the Hetum brothers: Smbat was the commander-in-chief of the troops ( guardstable or sparapet ) and the first assistant to the king, and Levon was the highest official of the court.
Union with the Mongols
In the summer of 1243, the Mongols defeated the army of the Konian Sultan Key-Khosrov II at Köse-Dag . Hetum I, who reasonably did not give support to Kay-Khosrov, sent an embassy to Kayseri to the Mongolian commander Baiju , led by his father Konstantin Pyle and brother Smbat Sparapet . According to the agreement concluded between the parties, the Armenians pledged to supply the Mongolian army with food and supply the necessary number of troops to participate in the campaigns; in turn, the Mongolian command recognized the sovereignty of the Cilician kingdom and promised to provide armed assistance to the Armenians in case of attack on them by neighboring states [2] . This treaty was beneficial to both Cilicia and Baij, who needed allies in a region very remote from Mongolia. As a confirmation of the friendly intentions of the Cilicians, Baiju demanded from Hetum the extradition of Sultan Key-Khosrov’s family, who had found refuge in the Cilician kingdom. Hetum was forced to accept this condition.
In an atmosphere of chaos that engulfed the sultanate as a result of the Mongol invasion, an impostor appeared, declaring himself the son of the late Sultan Ala ad-Din Kay-Kubad I. With 20 thousand of his supporters, he moved to Cilicia, but was defeated by Kostandin, brother of King Hetum [3] .
Developing diplomatic relations with the Mongols, Smbat traveled to their capital, Karakorum , in 1246-1248. According to Grigor Aknertsi (Magakia), Kaan Guyuk granted him land and fief possessions and gave a “great label and golden payzi ”, and according to Kirakos, “Smbat was given security certificates to many regions and fortresses that used to belong to King Levon , but after him the deaths were taken away from the Armenians by the Sultan Rum Ala ad-Din. ”
In 1253 , shortly before the large-scale Mongol invasion of the Middle East , Hetum himself went to Mongolia. On September 13, 1254, he reached Karakorum and was soon adopted by Kaan Munke , who gave him "a label that forbade oppression of Hetum and his kingdom, and a charter that bestowed general freedom to the churches."
Family
wife: zabel
8 children:
- Euphemia (? - 1309)
- m. - Julien Grenier
- Maria (? - 1310)
- m. - Guy Ibelin
- Sybil (? - 1290)
- m. - Bohemond VI
- Levon III (crowned as Levon II ) (1236–1289) - king of Cilicia
- g. - Keran
- Toros (1244 - August 24, 1266)
- Rita I (? -?)
- m. - Konstantin
- Isabella (? - 1268/69)
- Vasak - died in infancy
Notes
- ↑ Guyton // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Smbat Sparapet. Chronicle / Entry. article A. Galstyan. - Yerevan: Hayastan, 1974. - S. XIV — XV.
- ↑ Gordlevsky V. A. The State of the Seljuks of Asia Minor // Selected Works. - M .: Publishing House of Oriental Literature, 1960. - V. 1: Historical works. - pp. 63-64.
Sources and literature
- Armenian sources about the Mongols (Extracts from manuscripts of the XIII — XIV centuries) / Trans. from oldarm., foreword and note. A. G. Galstyan. - M .: Publishing house of Eastern literature, 1962.
- Kirakos Gandzaketsi . History of Armenia / Translation from Old Armenian, preface and comment by L. A. Khanlaryan. - M .: Science, 1976.
- Smbat Sparapet . Chronicle / Entry. article A. Galstyan. - Yerevan: Hayastan, 1974.
- A. Sukiasyan. History of the Kilikian Armenian State and Law (XI-XIV centuries) . - Yerevan: Mitk, 1969.