Andalusia

The name of the historical region "Andalusia" comes from the Arab Al-Andalus (as from 711 to 1492 the whole Iberian Peninsula was called Muslims, with the exception of Asturias ). During the Reconquista, Christians used this name in relation to the south of the peninsula, later the name was assigned to the last occupied territory.

Although most scholars advocate a version of the origin of the name from the word “ vandal ” ( Vandalusia ), the toponym “Al-Andalus” first appeared in Muslim numismatics after the Arabs captured the Iberian Peninsula. Al-Andalus was identified with Spain (Hispania), on the numerous coins found in Andalusia both terms were used as equivalent. None of the proposed etymologies of the name is proven or generally accepted.

1. Vandals after a short stay in the territory of present Andalusia left for North Africa, capturing the coast of Morocco . Locals called the land on the other side of the strait the land of vandals . In the language spoken by the inhabitants of the occupied territories ( Berber ), the genitive is formed by adding the particle “y” at the beginning of the word. The word “vandal” was pronounced “vandal”, which caused confusion. The land of vandals in the local language was called “tamort uandalos”, which led to a mistake in understanding the phrase as “tamort u-andalos” (land of the Andals). The Arabs , who seized the lands of the Berbers and the Iberian Peninsula, gave the lands captured over the strait the name Al-Andalus, adding to the Berber name the particle al .
2. The word Al-Andalus is a product of the evolution of Atlas - Antalas - Andalas - Ándalus, thus linking the origin of the name with the famous myth of Atlantis , which could be inspired by the civilization of the Tartesses .
3. “Al-Ándalûs” comes from Landahlauts (pronounced “landalos”), the Germanic name for southern Spain, inhabited by the Visigoths . Landahlauts comes from "Landa" ("land") and "hlauts" ("sharing") and means "divided land".
4. “Al-Ándalûs” comes from Andalaus (pronounced “andalos”), the Germanic name for southern Spain, populated by the Visigoths . Andalaus comes from "Anda" ("Land") and "-laus" ("-without") and means "endless".

Andalusia is the second largest autonomous community in Spain after Castile and Leon by area and the first in terms of population.

Relief

The relief of Andalusia consists of three main units:

• Sierra Morena is the natural border between the Castilian Meseta and Andalusia, of small height: only the Sierra Madron is 1324 meters high above sea level with the highest point ( Banyuela ). Within this mountain system stands Despeñaperros gorge, which forms a natural border with Castile.
• Cordillera Betica . The highest points of Andalusia and the entire Iberian Peninsula are in the Sierra Nevada - Mulasen peak (3478 m) and Veleta (3392 m).
• The Guadalquivir basin is located between the two named systems.

Climate

Andalusia is located in the center of the Mediterranean climate (with the exception of the Granada Valley ).

Rainfall is decreasing from west to east. The rainiest place in Andalusia is the Sierra de Grazalema (2138 mm per year), the place with the least rainfall in Europe - Cape Gata (Cabo de Gata), is located in Almeria . Wet Andalusia coincides with the three highest areas of the region, it is most noticeable in Serrania de Ronda and Sierre de Grazalema . The semi-arid Andalusia is represented by most of the province of Almeria and the Guadix - Basa Basin.

There are about 75 rainy days in a year, 50 in the driest regions. In most of Western Andalusia, there are more than 300 sunny days a year.

The average annual temperature is 16 ° C, but also with geographical deviations, from 19.4 in Almeria to 15.1 in Baez . The coldest month is January (on average 6.4 ° C in Granada ) and the hottest month is August (on average 28.5 ° C in Esija ). In the mountains of Granada and Jaen, the lowest temperatures are recorded throughout the south of the Iberian Peninsula. In January 2005, the temperature dropped to −21 ° C in Santiago de la Espada ( Jaen ) and −18 ° C in Pradollano (Granada).

Hydrology

Andalusia has great hydrological diversity; its rivers belong to two different basins: the Atlantic and the Mediterranean .

The most important rivers of Andalusia, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean:

• Guadalquivir is the longest river in Andalusia (657 km), the source is in the Sierra de Cazorla ( Jaen ), flows through Cordoba and Seville and flows into the Gulf of Cadiz near the city of San Lucar de Barrameda . The most important tributaries:
  • Genil and Malaya Guadiana - left
  • Guadalimar , Guadato and Bembesar - from the right bank.
• Guadiana - the lower reaches of the river are located on the border of Andalusia and Portugal.
• Odel
• Rio Tinto
• Guadalete .
• Barbate .

The rivers belonging to the Mediterranean basin are much shorter, but among them one can distinguish

• Guadiaro
• Guadalors
• Gudalfeo ,
• Andarax
• Almanzora .

Fauna

Spanish lynx , chameleon , flamingo , roe deer , morito ( Plegadis falcinellus ), spoonbill , burial eagle , tuna , wild boar , meloncillo ( Herpestes ichneumon ), cañailla ( Murex brandaris ), deer , geneta ( Genetta genetta ), kite , forest cat hoopoe , golden bee-eater , sultanka , coot , common kestrel , dolphin , urta ( Pagrus auriga ), alimoche ( Neophron percnopterus ), bearded , cabra montés ( Capra pyrenaica ), chorlitejo, gray heron , espulgabueyuridae, plejra waltl ), swift , cárabo, minke , calderón, killer whale .

Flora

Fir , alcornoque ( Quercus suber ), quejigo ( Quercus faginea ), olive , carob , encina ( Quercus ilex ), retama ( Retama sphaerocarpa ), oleander , cistus , thyme , tagarnina ( Scolymus hispanicus ), cardo, pine , x narciso de mar, clemátide, terebinto ( Pistacia terebinthus ), mastic tree , savory , rusco, rhododendron , tamarisk , jaguarzo, correhuela, cantueso ( Lavandula stoechas ), myrtle , torvisco ( Daphne gnidium ), asphodead , albadel ( Delphinium staphisagria ), consuelda, agracejo, Ephedra vulgaris , Echium vulgare , alquequenje, beleño, Nigella damascena , calendula , tanaceto.

Al-Andalus is an Arab-Islamic civilization that existed in the VIII - XV centuries on the Iberian Peninsula. By 713, Muslims conquered almost the entire peninsula. For the most part, this conquest was peaceful. It was achieved through agreements with the rulers of certain regions and cities, which in exchange for recognizing themselves as subjects of the caliph in Damascus saved not only land and property, but also the opportunity to continue to practice Christianity. Jews and Christians , as elsewhere in the caliphate, were declared “zimmis,” that is, patronized communities of “people of Scripture,” who are taxed with jizya . The tolerance of the conquerors (in contrast to the rudeness and intolerance of the Visigoths) attracted the sympathy of the majority of the population.

It was believed that the Arabs named the conquered country in honor of the legendary descendant of the Quranic prophet Nuh (Biblical Noah ) - Andalus ibn Tubal. A more convincing version is that the Arabs even in Maghreb learned from local Berbers that there was a “country of vandals” (“bilad alvandalus” in Arabic), since the vandals came to Maghrib and owned it because of the Strait of Gibraltar.

Already in the first decades of Arab rule, there was a massive conversion of the population to Islam. Converts were called “muslims” (“zamies who accepted the world”), their descendants - “muvalladas” (that is, “nee Muslims”). Islam was accepted by merchants and artisans, peasants and slaves (including foreigners captured by the Visigoths ). For them, this meant personal freedom, obtaining property rights and the ability to freely dispose of it (which was not the case with the Visigoths). But many Visigothic aristocrats converted to Islam. The most famous of them were Banu Kasi - a family of rulers of Zaragoza, 880 - 917 . an independent rebellious kingdom in the southeast of al-Andalus.

Part of the population, however, remained Christians, including representatives of the nobility. But by the 10th century, their descendants became Muslims, or were completely Arabized. Since the 9th century, most Christians in al-Andalus have become “Mosarabs” (from the Arabic “Mustaarab” - Arabized), who have learned the language and culture of the Arabs, as well as many of the customs of everyday life and lifestyle, although they continued to use the Romance language at home (romance). However, the romance was sometimes spoken even at the court of the Caliphs of Cordoba. The Cadi in mosques quite often used this language, especially when talking with new Muslims. Therefore, not only Christians, but also many Muslims of al-Andalus were in fact bilingual.

The magnificent brilliant culture that made up the glory of the country of al-Andalus was formed as part of the Arab-Spanish civilization, with which it was closely connected by the unity of language, religion, economic and human contacts.

The inhabitants of al-Andalus, who called the Mediterranean Sea “Syrian”, knew well what was happening in Syria and Egypt, in Damascus, Baghdad and Cairo, were familiar with the achievements of the whole world of Islam, including the works of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), al- Biruni, al-Farabi. At the same time, the secret of the rapid rise of the culture of Al-Andalus was to combine the efforts of Arabs and Berbers with the creativity of representatives of all groups of the local population - Muvallad, Mosarabs, Jews (who spoke and wrote Arabic in al-Andalus), descendants of Iberians, Goths, Greeks and others. All of them made their unique contribution to creating a culture that continued to flourish after the decline in the culture of Damascus and Baghdad that began in the Middle East from the 12th century.

Among the Christians of al-Andalus, "there were innumerable those who can express themselves in Arabic in the highest degree of grace and compose verses in this language with more beauty and art than the Arabs themselves." Muslim al-Andalus was characterized by tolerance for the Gentiles, to cultural exchange with them. Christians could occupy any position and, constantly communicating with Muslims in everyday life, contributed to the enrichment of the country, greater flexibility in managing it - identifying a wide variety of talents in all areas of the economy, science, art and politics. In this regard, the country of Al-Andalus was second to none in the west or in the east.

The Autonomous Community of Andalusia was created on February 28, 1980 , proclaiming in Article 1 of the Statute on Autonomy that this autonomy is justified by the historical identity and the right to self-government, which the Constitution of Spain provides for each region.

In October 2006, the Constitutional Commission of the General Cortes adopted by PSOE , IU and PP a new Statute on Autonomy, which in its preamble recognizes Andalusia as “national reality” ( Spanish: realidad nacional ).

According to the Royal Decree of Provincial Division of 1833 , prepared by Javier de Burgos , Andalusia is divided into eight provinces , which, in turn, are divided into 770 municipalities.

The situation of Andalusian mosquitoes is not officially regulated, but they are recognized as cultural areas.

In Andalusia, they mainly speak the Andalusian dialect of the Spanish language , which appeared after the Castilian conquest of Muslim Andalusia. This linguistic modality, enriched by the strong influence of the Arabic substrate and the local Romance language (Beta Mosarabian), as well as its own evolution in the first centuries of its existence, had the greatest influence on the dialects and linguistic variations of the Spanish language in America .

Executive power in the region is exercised by the Junta ( Assembly ) of Andalusia.

Parties represented in the Parliament of Andalusia ^[2] :

• Spanish Socialist Workers Party −33
• People Party −26
• Forward, Andalusia −17
• Civil Party −21
• Vox −12

Tourism

Расположение Андалусии на юге Иберийского полуострова делает её одним из самых жарких регионов Европы . Преобладание средиземноморского климата, благодаря которому в Андалусии большое количество солнечных дней в году, и наличие большого количества пляжей создаёт подходящие условия для развития туризма .

Наибольший наплыв туристов происходит в августе (13,26 % от всего числа туристов за год), в то время как в декабре количество туристов наименьшее — 5,36 %.

836 км береговой линии Андалусии омывается Атлантическим океаном на западе, где находится Коста-де-ла-Лус ( исп. Costa de la Luz ), и Средиземным морем на востоке, где находятся Коста-дель-Соль ( исп. Costa del Sol ), Коста-Тропикаль ( исп. Costa Tropical ) и Коста-де-Альмерия ( исп. Costa de Almería ). Всё побережье находится в хорошем состоянии, что подтверждают 84 голубых флага , гарантирующих его качество и безопасность.

Приверженцев культурного туризма в Андалусии привлекают такие известные сооружения, как Альгамбра (Гранада), Хиральда (Севилья) или Кордовская мечеть . Кроме того, здесь расположены многочисленные соборы , церкви , замки и крепости , монастыри , которые демонстрируют большое разнообразие архитектурных стилей (от мавританской архитектуры до ренессансной и барочной ). Любителей археологии в Андалусии интересуют такие места, как Италика , древнеримский город, где родились императоры Траян и Адриан , или Медина-Асаара , город-дворец, построенный по приказу кордовского халифа Абд ар-Рахмана III .

Андалусия является родиной многих великих живописцев: Пикассо , Мурильо , Веласкеса . Это важное обстоятельство с туристической точки зрения, поскольку благодаря этому здесь были созданы такие институты как Фонд Пикассо в Малаге или Музей Пикассо и дом-музей Мурильо, все они предназначены дать представление о творчестве этих художников.

Гастрономия

Holidays

• 28 февраля , День Андалусии .
• Кадисский карнавал ( исп. Carnaval de Cádiz ) в феврале .
• Страстная неделя (Semana Santa).
• Апрельская ярмарка в Севилье ( исп. Feria de Abril de Sevilla ).
• Май , Праздник Богоматери де ла Салуд в Кордове ( исп. Feria de Nuestra Señora de la Salud ).
• Майские кресты ( исп. Cruces de Mayo , посвящённый обретению креста ) в Кордове и Гранаде.
• Праздник Тела Христова в Кордобе и Гранаде.
• Август , праздник Девы Марии дель Мар в Альмерии ( исп. Feria de la Virgen del Mar ).
• Август , Колумбовы праздники в Уэльве ( исп. Fiestas Colombinas ).
• Августовская ярмарка в Малаге ( исп. Feria de Agosto ).

Некоторые достопримечательности

• Альбайсин (Albaicín)
• Альгамбра (самый посещаемый монумент Испании)
• Альмуньекар (Almuñécar)
• Ботанический сад Консепсьон (Jardín Botánico La Concepción)
• Гибралтарский пролив
• Грасалема (Grazalema)
• Италика
• Коста-де-ла-Лус (Costa de la Luz)
• Коста-дель-Соль (Costa del Sol)
• Медина-Асаара (Medina Azahara)
• Кордовская соборная мечеть (Mezquita de Córdoba)
• Минас-де-Риотинто (Minas de Riotinto)
• Мыс Гата (Cabo de Gata)
• Пещера Нерха
• Ронда
• Хиральда (Giralda)
• Чипионский маяк (62 метра) — и 15-й по высоте в мире .

Газеты и журналы

• Альмерия : Diario Ideal, La Voz de Almeria и Diario de Almería.
• Кадис : Diario de Cádiz и Diario de Jerez.
• Кордова : Diario Córdoba, El Día de Córdoba и ABC Córdoba .
• Гранада : Diario Ideal, Granada Hoy и La Opinión de Granada.
• Уэльва : Huelva Información и Odiel Información.
• Хаэн : Diario Ideal и Diario Jaén.
• Малага : Diario Sur, La Opinión de Málaga, Málaga Hoy и Diario Málaga Costa del Sol.
• Севилья : ABC , Correo de Andalucía и Diario de Sevilla.

На региональном уровне нет никаких газет или журналов и все попытки создать их потерпели неудачу (Diario de Andalucía — один из последних таких проектов), но общегосударственные издания, как El País , имеют отдельные листы, посвящённые Андалусии, или, как El Mundo , отдельные издания. ABC распространяет в Андалусии севильское издание.

Телевидение В Андалусии есть две телевизионные сети, которые покрывают всю её территорию.

• Canal Sur начал вещание в День Андалусии 28 февраля 1989 года.
• Canal 2 Andalucía был создан 5 июня 1998 года. Его программа передач ориентирована на культуру, спорт и детские передачи.

Радио В Андалусии три местных радиостанции, первой из них начала вещание Canal Sur Radio в конце 1988 года.

• Вооружённые группы 28 февраля

• Andalucía Turismo (исп.)
• CICA (исп.)
• Охраняемых природных территориях Андалусии (исп.)
• Музеи Андалусии, Русскоязычный сайт . (рус.) (недоступная ссылка с 24-09-2014 [1781 день])
• Consejería de Cultura (исп.)
• Каталог андалусских библиотек (исп.) (недоступная ссылка с 24-09-2014 [1781 день])
• Фильмотека Андалусии (исп.)
• Музеи Андалусии (исп.)
• Legado Andalusí (исп.)

Андалузия // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.