Collectivization outside the USSR

In Romania, collectivization took place from 1949 to 1962. Although technologically agriculture in Romania was backward, it was the main economic activity in Romania immediately after World War II. Before the war, the Romanian agrarian reform of 1921 led to a special division of land: an average of 4 hectares per family. On March 23, 1945, another election was held to adopt the new agrarian reform. Thanks to this reform, 1,057,674 hectares of land belonged to 796,129 families. In 1948, peasants made up about 75% of the country's population.

The process of collectivization began rapidly in March 1949 by decree 84 of March 2, 1949 on the collectivization of property with an area of ​​more than 50 hectares. The villages selected for the first part of collectivization were the most affected by the war and the ensuing difficult times. The main occupation of the authorities was the persuasion of the peasants to decide on the state. Other villages, collectivized in the first stage, were those in which anti-communist movements appeared (these are the villages of Maramures and Dobrudja), where the communist government used collectivization as a means of repression. The process of collectivization in Romania was brutal. In 1962, in Romania, all individual farms were united into collective farms. A medal was made in honor of this event.

After World War II, agrarian reform brought together most of the farmland among the peasants and created a wide zone of collectivization, although it should be said that there were still individual farms in poor villages. These villages did not provide any support for the ideas of communism. After the Communists came to power in 1948, the process of collectivization began with the help of force. The most stubborn peasants were arrested and imprisoned. The most common form of collectivization was joint agricultural cooperatives ( Jednotné Zemedelské Druzstvo, JZD).

During the period of collectivization, many agricultural cooperatives disintegrated, but then were restored. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the percentage of agricultural cooperatives fell sharply (to 3%). Soon collectivization was completely stopped.

In the GDR, collectivization in agriculture began in 1952 with the founding of the first agricultural production cooperatives. After the last 400,000 farmers were forced to collectivize during the three months of the “socialist spring” in 1960 (with a few exceptions, such as the Marienhöhe farm), collectivization was completed on May 31, 1960. During this period, 200 farmers committed suicide, 15,500 people fled to West Germany. In April 2010, a memorial was erected in Kiritsa to the victims of collectivization, on its 50th anniversary. There is an inscription on the memorial: "We are one, but we are nothing."

In total, 19 345 agricultural cooperatives were created in the GDR, which occupied 83.6% of agricultural land. In the German Democratic Republic and the socialist states there was really no term “collectivization”.

In Spain, during the civil war from 1936 to 1939, parts of the territories were collectivized not at the state level, but under the authority of anarchists and collective self-government. The degree to which collectivization was implemented varied significantly from region to region. In the province of Jaen, 65% of the usable area was collectivized, in the province of Valencia - 14%.

The degree of collectivization is known only approximately. In 1936/37, Republicans claimed that 1,500 collectives were formed, and in August 1938 there were 2,213. They also claim that 3 million Spaniards suffered from collectivization.

• China : 1958-1985
• Poland : 1948-1956