The differences in the speeches of Muscovites and Petersburgers are the totality of historically established certain systematically observed orthoepic , lexical and intonational discrepancies in the speech of the inhabitants of two capital cities of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg and their environs. Both options are normative in Russian , they are understandable to the vast majority of native speakers of the Russian language , regardless of location and residence, but differ in a few particulars. Not all linguists consider it true to call the totality of speech features of the residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg dialects . They note that for such an unambiguous allocation there are still not so many reasons, the difference with the general Russian language norm is currently small [1] and largely situational.
Speech Differences
Orthoepic differences
Moscow and St. Petersburg dialects are characterized by orthoepic (special pronunciation of certain groups of words), lexical and small intonation differences. In particular, Petersburgers pronounce a clear “h” in the word bakery , etc. (and many indigenous Petersburgers of the older generation and in the words that, of course ) instead of the old-Moscow “sh” - bulo [sh] naya, ya [sh] nitsa, [sh] that horse [w] but ; there is also a firmer “f” in the words reins , yeast , rain , etc. instead of the old Moscow (“ Mkhatovsky ” - see the stage speech ) palatalized “f” - it ’s [f / x] and , dro [f / x] and , to [u] and others . - and a clear, solid “p” in the words first, Thursday, the top instead of the old Moscow one is [r] th, th [t rh x], ve [r x x] [2] .
In Moscow, back in the 1960s, it was considered good form to pronounce “-k” in masculine adjectives and corresponding surnames as the shock “-k” - sensitive [b] th, Leningrad [b] th, intelligentsk [b] th, Mussorgsk [ b] th ; in addition, softness fell, and not only in cases where it really should not be (and closer to the south of the country there is nosy ), but in some others: shot [ed] (shot), made a mistake [eat] (wrong), drink [s] ( get drunk), lift [s], don’t be afraid [s], weight [m], se [m] [3] . Similar points can be noted in St. Petersburg - for example, the letter “u” in the speech of the old native Petersburgers is pronounced “uu”: [uu] fucked , [uu] uka , o [uu] u [uu] genie [4] .
Residents of St. Petersburg can often be recognized by reduced pre-stressed vowels. If Muscovites say something between “e” and “and” in the word “sister,” the residents of St. Petersburg hear “and” [5] . Regional dialects also contributed to the originality of the old Moscow pronunciation. In unstressed syllables, “e” was replaced by a long “and”: n [and] su, b [and] ru , there were also more popular variations - “chorinki” (black), “court” (here), “pillows” (pillows ), "Bastard" (naughty), etc. Their echoes can be heard in the speech of even the older generations of Muscovites only with very great luck.
The borderline, regional-social, case is the pronunciation of “e.” The traditional purpose of this letter and the corresponding sound is to use in borrowed words , especially among recent borrowings that have not yet been fully acquired by the Russian language. This leads to the fact that spelling and pronunciation through "e" usually look more "foreign" - and, as a result, "status", metropolitan.
In pre-revolutionary times [pronunciation of "e"] was considered a sign of education, good education, cultural gloss. "Electricity" instead of "electricity", "exam", "crew" was uttered by commoners. This was amusingly reflected in the work of one of the poets of that time, [St. Petersburg] Igor Severyanin : in pursuit of the “secular tone” of his poems, he simple-mindedly strung words containing “e” (“An elegant stroller in an electric beater elasticly rustled ...”) or even replaced the letter “e” with the letter “e” “just for chic”: “Shoffer, to the Islands!” [6] .
In many ways, therefore, the indispensable “e” is characteristic of the speech of Old Petersburgers, as well as Muscovites who adopted this style: Sam / Seven, cream / cream, plywood / plywood ... It is curious that in its natural state (that is, without interference of the estate- status factor), Russian the language quickly Russifies borrowings - pioneer / pioneer, brand / brand, tag / tag, hash / hash - however, in some cases, the confrontation between the elite-capital “e” and ordinary “e”, despite the influence of radio and television, lasts for decades - rails / rails, overcoat / overcoat, museum / m uzey, slang / slang, energy / energy, pioneer / pioneer .
The listed orthoepic features characterize the Moscow (and, accordingly, St. Petersburg) reprimand.
Lexical differences
The most famous examples of lexical differences in the speech of residents of two Russian capitals (Moscow / St. Petersburg) are presented in the following table (click on the “show” link to view):
| Typical for the speech of Muscovites | Characteristic for the speech of Petersburgers | Values, sources of information, notes |
|---|---|---|
| City, home | ||
| porch | front | General entrance from the street to the apartment building; part of the apartment building, united by one staircase. [7] [8] Example: “... I exit the front door, open my umbrella. I go out under the stream of precipitation ... " ( Victor Tsoi . “Tranquilizer”. Album “46” . 1983) |
| in our porch | on our stairs | [9] |
| back door | black staircase | Non-parade access to the house, apartment (originally - for the servant). [ten] Example: “... When we go from the back stairs to our house ...” (A. Rosenbaum, “We Will Understand Everything”) |
| (about a residential building) tower | point house, point | Multi-storey residential building with one entrance. [11] [12] |
| trash can, trash can | (sometimes) bay, bay | Street trash bin . The word “puhto” comes from “solid waste disposal and storage facility”. [13] [14] |
| Park (including the zoo ) | Garden (including zoo (rare) ) | [3] . City park, square (in Moscow, the "garden" only as part of toponyms: Alexander Garden ) |
| Square | (sometimes) Kindergarten | [4] . In Moscow, "kindergarten" only as part of toponyms: Milyutinsky kindergarten |
| Roads, city transport | ||
| border | cut-off | Side stone , a step separating the roadway from the sidewalk . [15] [16] |
| sidewalk | (rare) panel | Example: “On the panel in front of the house are a table and chairs, and a bed. Go to friends Lena with her mother to spend the night ... " (S. Ya. Marshak) [17] |
| side road | Lane for the local entrance, separated from the main road and running parallel to it. [18] [19] | |
| (about the turn of general transport at the end of the route) circle | ring | [20] [21] Example: “The stops are located at different corners of the intersection, and customers have to rush between the stops, seeing a bus leaving the ring.” (“My district.” Vasileostrovsky district, St. Petersburg; 01/19/2007) |
| Travel | Card | [5] . Pass ticket for public transport |
| Overpass | Viaduct | [6] Overhead overpass. But: viaduct - the bridge is not over water; overpass - a road elevated above ground level. The word viaduct is derived from the Latin roots via (path) + ducere (lead). |
| Country realities | ||
| Season | Travel | [7] . Suburban train ticket |
| Irga | (often) Karinka ( not cinnamon) | [8] . Amelanchier fruit shrub with edible berries |
| Plot | Gardening | [9] . Individual allotment in a gardening partnership , cottage |
| Base | Point | [10] . Strong point, gathering point of a joint group of people |
| Car | ||
| Skidding | (often) Takeaway | [11] . Deviation of the rear of the vehicle when turning |
| Taxi | Motor (rarely, mouth) | [12] . Taxi (set) |
| Fenders | Lockers | [13] . Protective covers of wheel arches of the car. From the name of the manufacturer Lokari . |
| Seater | Pendal | [14] . Soft lining for car seat |
| Wheel alignment | Wheel alignment | [15] . Car service for adjusting the wheel alignment |
| Tire service | Wheel repair | [16] . Car service for the replacement of chambers and tires of car wheels |
| Trade | ||
| Currency | Hard currency | |
| Tent , (rarely) kiosk | A stall (there are also inscriptions "A casket from shop No.") , a kiosk | [17] . Small grocery store |
| Package | (sometimes) Bag , bag, bag | [18] . Disposable plastic bag. In Moscow, a bag is associated with something paper. |
| In (less often - on ) spill | In (less often - on ) spill | [19] . Trade in food liquids without pre-packaging |
| Second-hand bookstore | Old book store | [20] . The "old book" is used only in units. hours |
| Accounting | Recount | [http: //urban_dialects.academic.ru/204]. Inventory in the store during which it closes |
| Food | ||
| Baton | Loaf | [21] [22] Loaf of Unsaturated White Bread |
| Black bread | Bread | Loaf (and any quantity) of brown bread |
| Donut | Dummy | [23] , [24] . Butter product fried in boiling oil. Sometimes in Moscow it is implied that the donut should be a ringlet with a hole, and the donut should be without a hole. In St. Petersburg, the opposite is meant. |
| Bakery products | Bread roll (only h) | [25] . |
| Shawarma , (rarely) shawarma, shvarma | Shawarma (Shavuha) | [26] , [27] . Filling from slices of spit- fried meat with vegetables, wrapped in pita bread or pita and seasoned with sauce . Sometimes it is believed that we mean related, but different dishes. There are opinions that shawarma is an Arabian dish, and shawarma is Jewish . |
| Waffle cone | Sugar tube | [28] . Waffle cone filled with ice cream |
| Hen | Kura | [29] , [30] . The carcass of a female pheasant poultry family and a finished dish from it |
| Buckwheat | Buckwheat | [31] . Buckwheat |
| Get wet, get wet | Swim (rarely) | [32] . Get wet |
| Bout | Boutique | [33] . Sandwich (jarg.) |
| (sometimes) bile | Bile | [34] . |
| Apartment, items | ||
| Duckweed , goose | Latka | [35] . Rod type oblong thick-walled extinguishing bowl |
| Ladle | Cook | [36] . Bowl for pouring soup on plates |
| Speaker | Pencil case | [37] . Tall cupboard off the floor |
| Speaker | (often) | [38] . Stationary water heating device |
| Dryer , dryer | Bowl | [39] . Kitchen section with grid for drying dishes |
| Remote controller | (sometimes) Lazy, sloth | [40] . Device for remote control of home electronics. |
| Larva | Secret | [41] . Part of the castle |
| Mobile, mobile, mobile phone, (sometimes) cellular, weaving, device | Pipe, tube, cellular, (sometimes) weaving, sotik | [42] . Mobile phone |
| (more often) | (more often) Ton | [43] . Thousand banknotes (jargon) |
| Goby, (sometimes, mouth) chinarik | Khabarik, Khabets | [44] , [45] . Butt Sometimes it is believed that the “goby” is “an extinct swag.” “But the mechanic only shook and the chinariki shot ...” - Vladimir Vysotsky . |
| Clothes, shoes | ||
| Turtleneck | (often) Badlon, bodlon, (less commonly) banlon, bonlon | [46] , [47] . Knitted tight sweater with a high collar (distortion. Ban-Lon , trademark of the manufacturer of knitwear). Badlon is sometimes thought to be outerwear , unlike a turtleneck. '' |
| Lightning | (sometimes) Snake | [48] . Closure Type |
| Prevention | Roll | [49] Extra sole on shoes (jargon) |
| Children, education, social welfare | ||
| Salads | Fifteen, Pitna [22] | [50] . Children's catch-up game |
| Jumping, jumping | Jump rope | [51] . The cord through which they jump, twirling and throwing it through themselves |
| Eraser , (rarely) eraser | Eraser, Wash, Washer, Washing Gum | [52] . A piece of rubber to erase written |
| A pen | Insert | [53] . Fountain pen with interchangeable pen (source) |
| The science | ||
| Police officer | ||
| Hangman (1- digit only) | Capercaillie | [54] . [23] 1. Crime with little chance of disclosure (jargon), 2. A hopeless business without prospects |
| Shpana | Gopnik , hopak, gopa ( jarg .) | [55] The totality, a group of street hooligans . GOP - an abbreviation for the name of the City hostel of the proletariat (Petrograd, the 1920s ) or the City Charity Society ( XIX century ). Some Petersburgers insist that the gopnik is not directly related to illegal actions, he is only an energetic young man from a working family with an insufficient educational level. |
| Rogue | (sometimes, mouth). Mazurik | [56] |
| Monkey | Aquarium | [57] . Detention room at the police station (jarg.) |
| Other | ||
| Finn | (outdated.) Chukhnets | * According to the dictionary of V. Dahl 1863-1866 [24] |
Appearance History
The main reason linguists usually consider features of the history of the formation of two [25] metropolitan [26] cities of Russia. Tsar Peter brought in a large number of specialists in various fields of technology, managers, merchants from various regions of Russia and from abroad to the process of erecting St. Petersburg. Of these, later formed the capital formed [27] layer, the elite .
Without going into details, we would divide the inhabitants of St. Petersburg into four categories — officials , officers , merchants, and the so-called St. Petersburg Germans [28] . Who does not agree that these four categories of residents of our capital are the real, most important representatives of St. Petersburg, with the study of which the closest physiological acquaintance with St. Petersburg should begin? [29]
To move up the career ladder in the newly rebuilt capital, representatives of all the prominent strata of the capital were interested not only in learning foreign languages, but also in learning Russian as quickly as possible - competent Russian was [30] (and remains [31] ) a status class belonging to the educated class.
However, these experts understood that they could not rely on a largely chaotic conglomerate of dialects , the echoes of which they heard around, since at that time there was no and could not be sure that common Russian language norm was reproduced by commoners. For example, Mikhail Lomonosov wrote in Russian Grammar ( 1757 ): “The Moscow dialect is not only for the importance of the capital city, but for its excellent beauty it is justly preferred to others ...” [32] . However, due to the difference between what is read and heard around the XVIII century , a paradoxical situation developed: at the same time, there were two norms of pronunciation, one when reading books, poems, etc., the other was characteristic of colloquial speech. Lomonosov continued: "This pronunciation is more commonly used in ordinary conversations, and in reading books and in offering speeches of letters that are verbal to an exact pronunciation, it is inclined."
It was necessary to trust in many respects primarily written sources, and a significant percentage of the latter were clerical circulation papers, and speech turnovers and vocabulary adopted in those circles where a particular neophyte hoped to settle - which entailed immoderate borrowing . Fyodor Dostoevsky defeated these traits in The Bad Joke ( 1862 ):
There are two essential and unshakable signs by which you immediately distinguish between real Russian and St. Petersburg Russian. The first sign is that all Petersburg Russians, all without exception, never say: "Petersburg Vedomosti", but always say: "Academic Vedomosti". The second, equally significant, symptom is that St. Petersburg Russian never uses the word "breakfast", but always says: "sweetie", especially emphasizing the sound of the phra.
Here are the lines about St. Petersburg Nekrasov [33] :
In use there is the vile Riga kvass ,
Russian is mixed with German ,
And French dominates both,
And speech is truly a popular circulation
There are as rare as an honest patriot ! [34]
As a result, the St. Petersburg language traditionally began to gravitate toward the written literary and clerical, rather than the oral norm, to be formed on the basis of the former. “We Petersburgers exhaust each letter ...” - notes Vladimir Kotelnikov , Doctor of Philology, Deputy Director of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences [35] . Lyudmila Bash, a researcher at the laboratory of etymological research at the philological faculty of Moscow State University named after MV Lomonosov, writes: “On Nevsky, words were spoken more literally,“ literally, “under the influence of spelling.” [36] Moscow in this sense gave more freedom, since the social strata in the city were not so mixed up and, as a result, it remained possible to choose a circle of communication and perceive the corresponding style of speech more naturally. More conservatism was superimposed on this: the old Moscow nobility traditionally did not take reforms and innovations so quickly, preferring a smoother evolution , sometimes with difficulty parting with archaisms . Vladimir Kotelnikov notes: "Compare: the lordly Moscow" pooshto "and the classic Petersburg" why "...".
This St. Petersburg tradition also had its negative consequences: reliance on written samples to the detriment of oral ones led to the fact that by the early to mid-19th century the clerical office had developed in St. Petersburg. The status of the capital, the abundance of bureaucrats could not but affect the spoken and written language of the emerging middle-class heterosexual and, in turn, affect the customs of the cultural environment of the city:
The other day we saw brilliant evidence of this inability of Petersburg residents to correctly express themselves in Russian. In the minutes of the 13th meeting of the Society, for the benefit of needy writers and scientists, the following is printed in paragraph 8: “If every educated person has a significantly developed sense of noble delicacy prohibiting not only not asking for the allowance, but also bashfully accepting the allowance voluntary, then it it should be even more developed in a person who has devoted himself to literature or science ”(see“ St. Petersburg. ”and“ Moscow News. ”). Can at least one Muscovite admit such an expression that clearly perverts the meaning of speech? The feeling of delicacy forbids not to beg! Forbidden to bashfully accept !!! Oh my God! But where is Mr. Pokrovsky with his memorial leaflet of errors in the Russian language? Where is A. D. Galakhov , who so trashed, used to be Grech and Xenophon Polevoy ? If only he would admonish these Petersburg writers who do not know how to write Russian with meaning! [37]
Reasons for gradual unification
The synthesis of absolutist - bureaucratic Western culture with Russian traditions of autocracy , which took place in "Petersburg" Russia in the late XVIII - mid XIX centuries , led its educated metropolitan layer to recognize itself as the main source and preacher of modernization values and a separate value - the intelligentsia . A significant part of the intelligentsia developed a sense of their own exceptionalism, snobbery and corporate solidarity, claims to “higher knowledge” and messianic traits : concern for the fate of the fatherland, the desire for social criticism with the inability to actively and systematically act, a sense of moral involvement in the fate of the lower classes with real isolation from the people , stubbornly not distinguishing intellectuals from "masters" [38] .
Perhaps it is more correct to divide Russian art: Petersburg and Moscow. Muscovites feel this much weaker. In their hustle and confusion, in the eternal Moscow strife, they do not recognize the unity of style that is so pronounced in St. Petersburg. Petersburg poets are somehow connected by mutual responsibility ...
- [39]
The contrasts described above could not but lead to mutual social alienation, “pupping” of the intelligentsia, a decrease in its authority as a source and verifier of cultural values and, as a result, a serious limitation on the degree of real all-Russian influence of many cultural traditions developed by St. Petersburg, including (and before) total) language standards . The inevitable consequences of the turbulent historical events of the 20th century - revolution , educational program , industrialization and urbanization , the Great Patriotic War , post-war development and acceleration of technological progress , increasing the role and development of cinema , sound recording and modern media with all-Union audience coverage, were superimposed on this. All this has led to new massive resettlement waves , equalization and a general sharp increase in the economic, educational and cultural level of the country's population and, as a result, the gradual leveling of its dialect and sociolectic differences, including in the two capitals of the country [40] .
A society freed from estate barriers has gained new opportunities, people have broadened their horizons, they no longer need special “guides”, and they themselves have become a source and consumer of cultural values - and, in particular, a generator of the all - Russian language norm . The modernization of the language, the emergence and rooting of innovations occurred rapidly [41] .
Moscow, which again became the capital in 1918, adopted, along with other cities, some of the Petrograd-Leningrad features of speech, which in turn also greatly influenced the speech of Leningraders:
Before turning to kids, we always said: children . Now this word is everywhere supplanted by the word guys . It sounds in schools and kindergartens, which is extremely shocking to old people who dream that children are called children again. Before, only peasant children (along with soldiers and guys) were called children. “The house is just guys.” (Nekrasov, III, 12) It would be instructive to follow the process by which the village form prevailed in the present speech ...
Of course, I will never introduce these words into my own speech usage. It would be unnatural if, as an old man, I said in a conversation, for example, agreement a , or: volume a , or: I’m so worried , or: well, I’ve gone , or: for now , or: I’ll definitely come to you today . But why don't I come to terms with people who use such a vocabulary ? Indeed, it would be very easy to convince yourself that these words are no worse than others: they are quite correct and even, perhaps, desirable.
- [42]
Current status
Now, linguistic norms are largely set not by the indigenous inhabitants of the two Russian capitals, but by the day before yesterday, yesterday, and today's immigrants from different regions of the former USSR [40] .
The St. Petersburg “dialect” moves to the local subculture inherent in every large city, where in many ways it has become a characteristic phenomenon and even a landmark , a visiting card of St. Petersburg. They are sometimes proud of the peculiarity of a curb or badlon , and the presence or absence of a difference in the recipes of shawarma and shawarma is the subject of many heated debates between Petersburgers and guests of the city. However, there is no longer a separate reprimand of St. Petersburg-Leningrad or Moscow as such in a pure “classical” form, and it becomes more and more difficult to notice the differences every year [1] . For example, the newspaper AiF Moscow reports:
Only 7% of Muscovites in the word “high” did not soften “k”, only 8% did not slap “e” the reverse in borrowed words like “overcoat”. As for the once typical Moscow “doshch”, here we also outdid the inhabitants of the cultural capital themselves - now “reach” and “in the rain” instead of “doshch” and “under the rain” say 86% of Muscovites and only 74% of Petersburgers.
- [43]
In 2017, a monument to the curb and curb was erected in St. Petersburg; he has a common author with the monument to Chizhik-pyzhik [44] .
Москва и Санкт-Петербург были [45] и остаются источниками языковой нормы [1] в текущем словоупотреблении русского языка .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Ректор Санкт-Петербургского университета Людмила Вербицкая, «Давайте говорить правильно» Архивировано 28 апреля 2013 года. ( 1993 ):
Сравнение результатов исследования речи сегодняшних ленинградцев и москвичей показало, что существенных различий между ними нет… В итоге можно утверждать, что в современном русском языке сформировалась единая произносительная норма, заимствовавшая часть черт старого московского произношения и часть черт старого петербургского.
- ↑ Верьх восходит ещё к Ломоносову : «Он верьх небес к тебе преклонит // И тучи страшные нагонит // Во сретенье врагам твоим» и Пушкину : «На верьх Фессальския горы // Вели вас тайные извивы…».
- ↑ Из-за этого, к примеру, у поэтов можно обнаружить странную на взгляд нестоличного жителя рифму «семь-совсем». Даниил Хармс ( 1930 ) писал Архивная копия от 18 декабря 2010 на Wayback Machine :
Ревекка, Валентина и Тамара
Раз два три четыре пять шесть семь
Совсем совсем три грации совсем.Рифма оказалась живучей и по-прежнему в ходу, несмотря на почти полное исчезновение сейчас в русском языке орфоэпической нормы «сем». Глюк'oza (певица) ( 2005 ):
Или, например, дубль семь
От тебя устала совсем
Глючит нас с тобою вконец,
Командир девчачьих сердец. - ↑ В частности, именно так говорил академик Дмитрий Лихачёв .
- ↑ Виктор Мархасев, доцент школы-студии МХАТ, преподаватель сценической речи, «Российская газета» — № 3800, 21 июня 2005
- ↑ Лев Успенский . Слово о словах . — Л. : Лениздат, 1962.
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Date of treatment December 28, 2014. Archived December 28, 2014.
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Date of treatment December 28, 2014. Archived December 28, 2014.
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Date of treatment December 28, 2014. Archived December 28, 2014.
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Date of treatment December 28, 2014. Archived December 28, 2014.
- ↑ [1] Архивная копия от 28 декабря 2014 на Wayback Machine , [2] Архивная копия от 28 декабря 2014 на Wayback Machine
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Date of treatment December 28, 2014. Archived December 28, 2014.
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 8 июля 2011. Архивировано 20 сентября 2013 года.
- ↑ «На улице Захарьевской между домами №12 и №14 полчаса назад пожарные тушили пухто». (inaccessible link) . Дата обращения 28 февраля 2008. Архивировано 27 мая 2008 года.
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 28 декабря 2014. Архивировано 29 декабря 2014 года.
- ↑ «поребрик» в словарях русского языка — Яндекс.Словари
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 8 июля 2011. Архивировано 20 сентября 2013 года.
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 28 декабря 2014. Архивировано 29 декабря 2014 года.
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 28 декабря 2014. Архивировано 29 декабря 2014 года.
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Date of treatment December 29, 2014. Archived December 29, 2014.
- ↑ Словарь «Языки русских городов» (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 8 июля 2011. Архивировано 20 сентября 2013 года.
- ↑ Питна, питнать / Городские диалекты
- ↑ Литейный, 4 (сериал) . Различие понятий объясняет сотрудник У ФСБ России по Ленинградской области
- ↑ Толковый словарь Даля. — 1863—1866
- ↑ Языковед Елена Пигрова пишет :
В начале XVIII века начинает строиться Петербург, и вместе со зданиями новой столицы появляется петербургское произношение. Оно становится распространенным и престижным, но московский вариант не исчезает. Это и положило начало сосуществованию двух произносительных вариантов русского языка.
- ↑ Филолог Дмитрий Ушаков в статье «Русская орфоэпия и её задачи» ( 1928 ) замечает Архивная копия от 21 февраля 2008 на Wayback Machine : «Для целей общегосударственного и литературного общения было выгодно, а для самолюбия было приятно усваивать язык стольного города…»
- ↑ Этому немало поспособствовали западноевропейские политические бури. Юрий Лотман пишет :
Если в XVIII в. (до французской революции 1789 г.) претендентами на учительские места в России были, главным образом, мелкие жулики и авантюристы, актеры, парикмахеры, беглые солдаты и просто люди неопределенных занятий, то после революции за границами Франции оказались тысячи аристократов-эмигрантов…
- ↑ Имеется в виду старорусское значение понятия «немцы» — «немые», не способные объясниться по-русски, иностранцы.
- ↑ Николай Некрасов в альманахе « Физиология Петербурга » ( 1845 )
- ↑ Например, Ю. М. Гончаров в работе «Городская семья второй половины XIX — начала XX вв» пишет :
… образование или хотя бы элементарная грамотность — одни из факторов повысить свой социальный статус. Как писал современник, «но вот курганский мещанин научается читать и писать. Благополучные коммерческие обороты возводят его в звание купца, и он чувствует нужду сблизиться с обществом людей более или менее образованных, уездных чиновников и для этого следует за всеми приличиями благородного общества и прислушивается к суждению людей образованных. Таким образом, он практически мало помалу делается человеком хоть сколько-нибудь образованным». Торговцы чувствовали, что образование может улучшить социальный статус их детей.
- ↑ «Грамотная речь и письмо персонала влияют на имидж компании не меньше, чем многомиллионная реклама. Выход нашелся сам собой — в офис стали приглашать учителей русского и литературы» .
- ↑ Московское произношение
- ↑ Пушкин , сознавая эту проблему, считал нужным извиниться перед читателем в «Евгении Онегине»:
Но панталоны, фрак, жилет,
Всех этих слов на русском нет;
А вижу я, винюсь пред вами,
Что уж и так мой бедный слог
Пестреть гораздо б меньше мог
Иноплеменными словами… - ↑ Московское стихотворение , 1859 год .
- ↑ Людмила Безрукова. «И голос музы еле слышный…»; Стихами ль говорит Нева? — «Нева» 2004, № 2
- ↑ «Российская газета» — № 3800, 21 июня 2005
- ↑ Полемика в журнале «Современник»
- ↑ Историк и филолог Пётр Бицилли («У истоков русской общественной мысли») пишет :
Не тот или другой помещик, крестьянину знакомый, а каждый «барин» вообще для него — его враг, причем «барином» считался всякий, не похожий на крестьянина. Когда до деревни доходили слухи о студенческих беспорядках или о чём-либо подобном, там это объяснялось так: это баре против царя бунтуют, потому что он хотел дать землю крестьянам.
- ↑ Георгий Адамович . Поэты в Петербурге . — «Звено», 1923, 10 сентября, № 32. — С. 2.
- ↑ 1 2 Лев Щерба уже в конце 1940-х годов писал :
Так называемое «московское произношение», на которое до революции опиралась наша орфоэпия и, в частности, практика театров, было действительно живым произношением коренных московских дворянских и купеческих семейств, которому не учились, а которое всасывали, так сказать, с молоком матери… Незначительный в прошлом приток населения в Москву полностью поглощался средой, новые люди целиком усваивали себе московскую норму… Новые миллионы, которые вобрала в себя пролетарская столица со всех концов Союза, принесли с собой своё, местное произношение. Это привело к тому, что старое московское произношение исчезло, и исчезло безвозвратно, так как дети даже «коренных» москвичей, учась в общей школе, уже не говорят так, как, может быть, говорят ещё их родители.
- ↑ Корней Чуковский писал :
Мы так привыкли к плакатам, к плакатной живописи, плакатным художникам, мы так часто говорим: «это слишком плакатно», или: «этому рисунку не хватает плакатности», что нам очень трудно представить себе то сравнительно недавнее время, когда плакатами назывались… паспорта для крестьян и мещан. Между тем, если вы возьмёте словарь Даля , вышедший в обновлённой редакции в 1911 году , вы не без удивления прочтёте: «Плакат, м. (нем. Plakat), паспорт (!) для людей податного сословия» (!!). Это всё, что в начале двадцатого века можно было в России сказать о плакате.
- ↑ Корней Чуковский . Живой как жизнь. Рассказы о русском языке . — М. : «Молодая гвардия», 1962.
- ↑ Константн Кудряшов . Пройдёт ли московский «доЩЩь»? — «АиФ Москва», № 12 (714), 21 марта 2007
- ↑ В Петербурге открыли памятник поребрику и бордюру - Город - Новости Санкт-Петербурга - Фонтанка.Ру
- ↑ Елена Пигрова, работающая на кафедре русской литературы Тартуского университета, пишет :
В XIV веке Москва стала центром, вокруг которого постепенно объединялись русские земли и это способствовало распространению московского говора. К XVII веку московское произношение уже стало доминирующим, хотя наряду с ним существовали диалекты. А в начале XVIII века начинает строиться Петербург, и вместе со зданиями новой столицы появляется петербургское произношение. Оно становится распространённым и престижным, но московский вариант не исчезает. Это и положило начало сосуществованию двух произносительных вариантов русского языка.
Literature
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- Орфоэпия // Литературная энциклопедия. Т. 8. — 1934
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Links
- Лев Щерба. О нормах образцового русского произношения. Избранные работы по русскому языку. М.: Учпедгиз, 1957
- Людмила Вербицкая. Варианты русского литературного произношения на сайте gramota.ru
- Людмила Безрукова. «И голос музы еле слышный…»; Стихами ль говорит Нева? — «Нева» 2004, № 2
- Елена Новоселова. Тротуар против панели. 76 различий в словаре москвичей и питерцев — «Российская газета», 21 июня 2005
- Святослав Логинов. Пышка и пончик
- Святослав Логинов. Пышка, пончик и «аладья» — «Наука и жизнь», № 9, 2007
- Елена Пигрова. Орфоэпическая вариативность в лингводидактическом аспекте, — Тарту: Ruthenia, 2007
- Ольга Вендина. Отражение преемственности и соперничества российских столиц в национальном сознании — «Первое сентября. География», № 36, 1998
- Марина Панова, Анна Иванова. Культура устной деловой речи госслужащего. — «Государственная служба», № 5 (19), сентябрь-октябрь 2002
- Никита Миронов. Остались ли в столице коренные москвичи? — «Комсомольская правда», 05.02.2008
- Владимир Беликов. Москву никто за язык не тянул. — Новая газета, 9 декабря 2011 года.
- Тема различий моск.-питерск. словоупотребления на форуме любителей российской словесности
- 76 языковых различий «высокого петербургского стиля» и «живой московской речи» . — Newsru.com, 21 июня 2005 года.
Московско-петербургские словари
- Словарь «Языки русских городов» на сайте компании Lingvo
- Московско-питерский словарь на сайте ассоциации лексикографов Lingvo
- Московско-питерский словарь глазами питерца
- Вадим Лурье. Микротопонимика Ленинграда-Питера
- Эхо Москвы. Акция программы «Говорим по-русски» «С русского — на русский диалект и обратно!»