Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society

Founder of IPPO Vasily Nikolayevich Khitrovo († May 5, 1903)

The charter of the IPPO was supremely approved on May 8, 1882 by Emperor Alexander III , and subsequently approved by a meeting of founding members on May 21, 1882 ^[2] . In accordance with this Charter, IOPS carried out multifaceted and fruitful activities until the First World War.

Representatives of the ruling elite at different times, beginning with the imperial family, including the Presidents of the Council of Ministers ( S. Yu. Witte , P. A. Stolypin , V. N. Kokovtsov , I. L. Goremykin , B. V. Sturmer ) and chief prosecutors of the Holy Governing Synod ( K.P. Pobedonostsev , P.P. Izvolsky , V.K.Sabler ), clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church (St. Tikhon Patriarch of Moscow , St. Nicholas of Japan , St. Vladimir Metropolitan of Kiev , St. Right John of Kronstadt , Bishop Porfiry (Assumption) , Archim Ndrit Antonin (Kapustin) , Archimandrite Leonid (Cavelin) , Metropolitan Arseny (Stadnitsky) , etc. ^[3] .

Schools for the local population

Through the efforts of the IOE, the Middle East created its own school system, which by 1914 consisted of more than 100 schools and two teacher seminaries. The development of the school system in the Middle East was also facilitated by the Consul General in Jerusalem, State Councilor Aleksei Fedorovich Kruglov . IPPO schools resisted the dissolution of local Orthodox communities in the surrounding mass of heterodox and heterodox populations. They studied mainly children from Orthodox families, including the poorest, because the training was free. The first elementary school was opened as early as the year the Society was founded in the village of Mujedil on December 6, 1882, and a little later, 1882-1884, three more elementary schools were opened in Galilee , a male boarding school, which was later transformed into a male teacher’s seminary in Nazareth. The head of the network of Galilean educational institutions IPPO for many years was Alexander Gavrilovich Kezma . Schools of the Society experienced competition from Catholic and Protestant educational institutions, as well as opposition from the Jerusalem Patriarchs . Since 1895, new schools were opened mainly in Syria, on the territory of the Antioch Patriarchate . Teachers in schools were secular, and in the early years, some of them were invited from Russia or received education in Russia. Later, two teacher's seminaries were created to train local teachers, a male one in Nazareth and a female one in Beit Jal (see Women's Teacher’s Seminary ), where students received full board . The Law of God , Arabic, arithmetic, geography, history and crafts were taught in elementary schools. In addition, Russian was taught in many schools, and the best students continued their education in Russia. The necessary textbooks were compiled and printed on their own, mainly in Arabic. School premises were usually rented, but in some cases they were built.

Maintaining schools cost more than 240 thousand rubles a year and was a heavy burden for the Company, therefore, starting from 1904, the question of state financing was raised. Later, in 1912, Nicholas II approved the law approved by the State Duma of July 5 on financing educational institutions of IOPS in Syria as a separate line of the state budget (more than 150 thousand gold rubles per year). In 1911, the total number of students was 11,112 (5,426 boys and 5,686 girls), with 1,493 students in Palestinian schools, 1,231 in Lebanon and 8388 in Syria . Several generations of the Arab intelligentsia of the Middle East passed through Russian schools ^[5] . In the first two decades, schools did not have legal status and received it only on May 1, 1902, by a special firm of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II . IPPO schools almost ceased to exist after the outbreak of the First World War ^[6] .

Pilgrimage Promotion

From the very beginning of its activity, the IOPS actively paid attention to the promotion of pilgrimage, ^[7] which corresponded to the goals and objectives of the Society, as written in its Charter: “The cares of the Society for Russian pilgrims are not limited to cheapening the way to the Holy Land , but are even more aimed at satisfying their and spiritual needs in the Holy Land ” ^[8] .

Since February 10, 1883, the Company has been creating special pilgrimage books that can significantly reduce the cost of a trip to the Holy Land. Pilgrimage books were sold by authorized representatives of the Company in various provinces of the Russian Empire , were valid for a year from the date of their issue and gave the right to stop along the route at the railway junction stations, with special coupons. The company has concluded an agreement with ROPIT on special tariffs. So, if an ordinary ticket of class III from Odessa to Jaffa at an ordinary fare cost 20 rubles. 50 kopecks one way, then a ticket taken on a pilgrimage book cost 24 rubles. round trip ^[9] .

By the end of the 19th check, the number of pilgrims wishing to visit the Holy Land reached 9178 people a year, of which more than 4000 remained at Easter, and in 1907 there was a record figure of 6410 people staying on Easter days in Jerusalem ^[10] .

For the reception of pilgrims, the efforts of the Palestinian Committee were arranged Elizabethan and Mariinsky courtyards, and to serve patients, a Russian hospital was built next to them. In 1889, the Elizabethan, Mariinsky courtyards and the Russian hospital were transferred to the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society, which soon, as part of a program to improve the life of pilgrims arriving in Jerusalem, builds a sewage system in Jerusalem - the first in the history of the city. Also, as part of the expansion of the number of pilgrims in 1889, a New (Sergievsky) courtyard is being built next to the Russian Compound by the efforts of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society, in 1891 the Veniamin Compound in Jerusalem is transferred to the jurisdiction of the Society, in 1896, the Alexander Compound built by the Society is consecrated next to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in the old city of Jerusalem, in 1905 consecrated building societies building Nicholas monastery in Jerusalem, and in 1904 was built in Nazareth pilgrimage farmstead , called annoe in honor of the first President of the IOPS Sergius, in 1916 was built a pilgrimage complex with the Church of St. Nicholas in Bari (Italy) ^[11] . The branches of the Society promoting pilgrimage worked in 52 cities of the Russian Empire ^[12] .

Pilgrims usually arrived from Odessa to the port of Jaffa and from there, accompanied by IAPO kawasas, they went to Jerusalem. Since 1895, pilgrims have been able to take advantage of rail links between Jerusalem and Jaffa. At the Russian buildings of the Society in Jerusalem, pilgrims had the opportunity to transfer their luggage to the pantry of the courtyards and deposit them, their passport, tickets and valuables under a receipt from the IPPO Compound Management Office ^[13] .

In the refectory of the Sergievsky Compound, pilgrims could receive a free lunch. Pilgrims could also use the services of a grocery store, bookstores and icon shops and visit the bathhouse on Sergievsky Compound. In the evenings, Palestinian readings were held for pilgrims telling the history of the Old Testament and the shrines visited by pilgrims during pilgrimage routes ^[14] .

For the pilgrims' journey, pilgrimage caravans were formed, to which the guides of the Society and the guard were allocated. During the routes compiled by the efforts of the Society, pilgrims visited the shrines of Jerusalem , Bethlehem , Hebron , the Judean Desert , bathed in the sacred waters of the Jordan River, and visited the shrines of Galilee ^[15] .

On Easter, in the courtyard of the St. Sergius Compound, Easter talks were organized by the efforts of the Society in Jerusalem ^[16] .

Pilgrimage is significantly reduced due to the First World War that began in 1914, and then the 1917 revolution in Russia. Between 1917 and 1991, only rare groups and official delegations had the opportunity to visit the Holy Land. The intensification of pilgrimage and the visit of delegations to the IOPS of the Holy Land becomes possible after the collapse of the USSR in 1991. Since November 2009, the Jerusalem branch of the IOPS ^[17] on the Sergievsky Compound, returned to Russia, revived the tradition of Palestinian readings for Russian Orthodox pilgrims arriving in the Holy Land, which are called the Sergius Readings ^[18] . On April 24, 2011, the Jerusalem branch of the IOPS revived the pre-revolutionary tradition of Easter conversations at the Sergievsky Compound in Jerusalem ^[19] . Since 2013, Sergievsky readings for Russian Orthodox pilgrims and different corners of the Russian Diaspora were also held at the Russian Museum and Park Complex in Jericho ^[20] .

Scientific activity

The scientific activity of IOPS was laid down in the Charter of the Society, which read: “to collect, develop and disseminate in Russia information about the Holy places of the East”, for this the Society had created a separate scientific department from the first year of its foundation ^[8] .

From the first year of its existence, the Society begins to engage in scientific activities, primarily in the Holy Land and the Mediterranean countries ^[21] .

Despite the scarcity of its material means, the Society immediately begins to publish scientific works on Palestinian studies and the publication of monuments of ancient Russian, and then Byzantine pilgrimage writing. By virtue of this, the Society at first tried to attract solid scientific forces to its Council: professors V. G. Vasilievsky , I. E. Troitsky , and through them to build relationships with other scientists and scientific authorities. In various editions of the Society, M. A. Venevetinov , Dr. A. V. Eliseev, archimandrites Leonid (Cavelin) and Antonin (Kapustin) , professor A. A. Olesnitsky , G. S. Destunis, A. A. Tsagareli also took a lively part , L.V. Stoyanovich, K.D. Petkovich, professor I.V. Pomyalovsky, professor N.I. Ivanovsky , academician N. Ya. Marr , S.O. Dolgov, academician V.V. Latyshev , professor N. F. Kapterev , Professor N. A. Mednikov , A. I. Papadopulo-Keramevs , P. A. Syrku, H. M. Loparev, P. V. Bezobrazov ^[22] .

In the pre-revolutionary period from 1882 to 1917. significant and tangible results were achieved in the publishing activities of the Company. First of all, 63 volumes of the Palestinian collection were published - a permanent scientific journal of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society. Also published were: 10 volumes of Analekt and the Catalog of Jerusalem manuscripts by A. I. Papadopoul-Keramevs, 4 parts of the Wandering of Vasily Grigorovich , 7 volumes Book of Genesis ep. Porfiry , Bibliotheca geografia Palaestina , Palestine and Sinai (bibliography) V.N. Khitrovo. Since 1891, the Society has also published Messages from the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society and numerous reports on the activities of the Society ^[23] . In addition, the Society published popular non-fiction publications in the form of readings about the Holy Land ^[24] . To this end, the Company involved a number of authors: Archpriest V. I. Mikhailovsky, Archpriest N. A. Eleonsky , Archpriest V. S. Soloviev, Archpriest P. Smirnov, Archpriest N. N. Tripolsky, D. S. Dmitrevsky, A. I. Levochsky, I. V. Malinovsky, A. N. Pypin, V. N. Khitrovo , I. A. Vinogradov, M. I. Osipov, I. V. Viktorovsky and others ^[25] .

Scientific Research in the Holy Land, Mediterranean Countries, and the Bible Region in the Pre-Revolutionary Period

In 1882, Professor A. A. Tsagareli was sent to the Holy Land and the Sinai Peninsula , who, based on his travels, writes the work “Information on the Monuments of Georgian Writing in the Holy Land and Sinai” ^[26] .

The first independent scientific project of the Society was the organization of archaeological excavations in the Russian place in the old city of Jerusalem under the leadership of the head of the Russian Spiritual Mission in Jerusalem, Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin) and the Jerusalem architect Konrad Shik, not far from the Church of the Holy Sepulcher . The result of the excavations was the opening on June 10, 1883 of the threshold of the Judicial Gate , through which, according to legend, Christ went to Calvary ^[27] .

In 1886, scientific research was carried out on the historical site of the Temple of Solomon on the Temple Mount by the efforts of the professor of the Kiev Theological Academy in the Department of the Jewish Language and Biblical Archeology A. A. Olesnitsky , based on which his monumental work entitled The Old Testament Temple in Jerusalem was published ^[28] . His main works on ancient Palestine are also known: the Holy Land , Jerusalem and its ancient monuments , Other most important places of the Holy Land , Fates of ancient monuments of the Holy Land etc. He is a translator from the Hebrew books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel ^[29] .

В том же 1886 году членом ИППО доктором А. В. Елисеевым было совершено исследование древнего пути в Святую Землю через Кавказ и Малую Азию. По итогам поездки А. В. Елисеев читает доклад в заседании собрания Православного Палестинского Общества в 1887 году ^[30] .

Также в 1886 году на Ближний Восток отправляется приват-доцент профессор-византинист П. В. Безобразов , который исследует патриаршую библиотеку на подворье Иерусалимского патриархата в Константинополе . Целью его командировки от ИППО был поиск византийских рукописей в библиотеках Константинополя и на островах греческого Архипелага, освещавших прошлое Палестины, византийские паломничества на Святую Землю. В нескольких выпусках Православного Палестинского сборника начала XX века опубликованы его статьи по истории Иерусалимской патриархии, о Святых местах Палестины, в том числе и совместные статьи с известным исследователем греческих рукописей А. И. Пападополо-Керамевсом .

В 1887 году на Синае началась работа профессора церковной археологии и литургии Киевской духовной академии А. А. Дмитриевского . В 1887—1888 годов А. А. Дмитриевский работал четыре месяца в библиотеке монастыря св. влкм. Екатерины на Синайском полуострове , где работает с рукописями и оставляет описание более 500 икон. В 1889, 1891 и 1893 гг. он снова посещает Синайский полуостров, Иерусалим, работает на Афоне , в Константинополе , в Афинах , побывав в 1898 году последний раз в главных и значимых книгохранилищах Ближнего Востока . Дмитриевский затем публикует свои исследования в Путешествии по Востоку и его научные результаты/ отчет о заграничной командировке 1877—1888, а также в Научном описании рукописей Синайского монастыря. 1912 г. Также выходит его трехтомник: Описание литургических рукописей, хранящихся в библиотеках православного Востока , 1895—1917. Типика , Памятники патриарших уставов и ктиторские монастырские Типиконы . Kiev. 1895 г., Евхологии . Киев, 1901 г., Типика . Пг. 1911. Накопленное им наследие составило более 953 разных по объёму единиц хранения, которые составляют на сегодняшний день фонд Дмитриевского в национальной библиотеке ^[31] .

В 1891 году совместная экспедиция в составе профессоров: Н. П. Кондакова , А. А. Олесницкого и Я. И. Смирнова осуществили научные исследования христианских древностей в Хауране, Аджлуне и в Заиорданье . По итогам экспедиции выходит в свет научный труд Н. П. Кондакова под названием Сирия и Палестина ^[32] , который включил в себя 1000 фотоснимков, свыше 50 акварелей и 20 планов ^[33] .

В 1898 году путешествие в Сирию и Иерусалим совершает директор Русского археологического института в Константинополе профессор Ф. И. Успенский , исследовавший археологические памятники Сирии ^[34] .

В том же 1898 году художник Н. Л. Клюге, останавливавшийся на Сергиевском подворье в Иерусалиме, прибыл в Святую Землю для воспроизведения в акварельных рисунках мозаичной карты Медвы (Мадебы) в Заиорданье , только что открытой в полу греческой православной церкви в Мадебе ^[35] .

В 1900 году Общество посылает в Иерусалим профессора В. Н. Мышцына для исследования и последующего описания рукописей и музея начальника Русской Духовной Миссии в Иерусалиме, Почетного члена ИППО — архимандрита Антонина (Капустина) . Труды, составленные В. Н. Мышцыным, хранятся в Российском государственном историческом архиве и в собрании Святейшего Синода ^[36] в Санкт-Петербурге.

In 1902, the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society, together with the eastern branch of the Russian Archaeological Society, organized and financed a scientific expedition to the Sinai to study Georgian manuscripts, led by renowned philologist, orientalist, historian, ethnologist and archaeologist N. Ya. Marr ^[37] . The expedition also included I.A. Javakhov and the subsequently famous Byzantine A.A. Vasiliev .

The work of N. Ya. Marr with colleagues in the study of the Sinai manuscripts was continued by V.N. Beneshevich , who studied Greek and Slavic manuscripts in many large European libraries, including in Constantinople , Athos and Cairo . He also visits the Sinai Monastery of St. incl. Catherine - in 1907, 1908 and 1911, and opens 200 more Greek manuscripts mentioned in the studies of archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin) and carries out more than 6 thousand photographs of manuscripts ^[38] .

A very significant contribution to the study of shrines in the Middle East was made by I. Yu. Krachkovsky , a graduate of the Faculty of Oriental Languages ​​at St. Petersburg University, a student of Academician V.R. Rosen . In 1908-1910, he made a business trip to the Middle East, where he visited Syria , Lebanon , Egypt and Palestine in search of ancient manuscripts. In Palestine, he visits the monastery of St. Savva the Sanctified, in Syria explores the manuscript fund of the library of the Antiochian Patriarchate in Damascus. In 1913, 44 manuscripts of this collection were in St. Petersburg and were transferred to the Asian Museum , and in 1971-1974. eighty Muslim manuscripts were transferred by his wife V. A. Krachkovskaya to the Russian National Library (NLR) . I. Yu. Krachkovsky took an active part in the scientific activities of IOPS and was a member of the commission for teaching Russian, Arabic and Western European languages ​​in the schools of the Society in Syria , Palestine and Lebanon . He worked in the field of the Society during the Soviet period ^[31] .

World War I

After the outbreak of World War I, the Turkish authorities in December 1914 requisitioned the property of the IOPS, closed the churches and expelled members of the Society and the clergy from Jerusalem. The premises, shelters and monasteries housed Turkish soldiers. Communication with Russia was interrupted.

March 18, 1917 , after the February Revolution , the Council of the Society decided to be called the Orthodox Palestinian Society (PPO) . ^[39] On March 26, 1917, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna , who headed the Society after the death of her husband, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich († 1905 ), resigned, and on April 6 her resignation was accepted.

On April 9, 1917, at the general meeting, Prince A. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov was elected Chairman of the Society. ^[40]

After the October Revolution , in 1918 , the part of the Society that remained in Russia was transformed into the Russian Palestinian Society (RPO) at the Academy of Sciences and is headed by the oldest member of the Society, V. V. Latyshev . The foreign part of the PPO continued its independent activities. Thus, the Society was forcedly divided into two independent organizations.

Scientific activities of the Society during the Soviet period

In connection with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, and then with the revolution in Russia in 1917 , the scientific activities of the IOPS suffered significant damage, which was expressed both in the absence of a material base for research and in the infliction of damage on the Company's infrastructure by the Soviet government . Nevertheless, the activities of the Society continued during the Soviet period. From 1918 to 1921, the organization was headed by Academician VV Latyshev, who managed to keep the “backbone” of Moscow and Leningrad professors working in the institutions of the Academy of Sciences in the Society. In the 1920s, the following academics were members of the Palestinian Society: V.V. Bartold , N.I. Vavilov , V.I. Vernadsky , S.A. Zhebelev , P.K. Kokovtsov , N.P. Likhachev , A V. Nikitsky , S. F. Oldenburg , A. I. Sobolevsky , B. A. Turaev , A. E. Fersman , A. A. Shakhmatov , as well as professors: D. V. Ainalov , I. D. Andreev , V.N. Beneshevich , A.I. Brilliants , A.A. Vasiliev , V.M. Veryuzhsky, I.A. Karabinov, M.D. Prisyolkov , B.V. Titlinov , I.G. Troitsky, V. V. and M. V. Farmakovsky , I. G. Frank-Kamenetsky, V. K. Shileyko ^[41] . The last issue of the Orthodox Palestinian Collection was published in 1918. However, in 1926, with the assistance of Academician F. I. Uspensky (Chairman of the Society from 1921 to 1928), it was possible to publish the only journal of the Palestinian Society during the Soviet period. By the 1930s, famous IPPO figures remained in Soviet Russia: academicians I. Yu. Krachkovsky , N. Ya. Marr , I. I. Meshchaninov, and V. V. Struve ; Professors A. A. Dmitrievsky and I. I. Sokolov . In 1928-1934, N. Ya. Marr was the chairman of the Society. After his death, the leadership of the Society for seventeen years was represented by I. Yu. Krachkovsky. This was the last member of the Society of pre-revolutionary composition ^[42] . In 1942, he directed the Institute of Oriental Studies ^[43] .

The Society received a new impetus for development in 1951, when it was headed by Professor S. P. Tolstov, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He gathered around him a number of talented scientists. In 1950, the well-known church figure Metropolitan Nikolai Yarushevich came to the Palestinian society. Since 1954, the publication of the Palestinian Compendium , the main printed compilation of the Society, has resumed. Palestinian society continued to work in a branch in Leningrad and in two different sections in Moscow. One of them was called Literary ties between East and West . Until 1988, this section was led by L.P. Zhukovskaya , a professor, a well-known Russian language historian, researcher of the most ancient Slavic and ancient Russian texts, who studied about 500 handwritten Gospels, starting from the very first - Reims , Ostromirova , Mstislavov and up to the 16th century. In 1988, the section was headed by the famous historian N.N. Lisova . The section consisted of historians, philologists, Byzantinists, who were engaged, in particular, Russian-Palestinian relations and Russian heritage in the Middle East ^[44] . The second section, where political and economic issues in the Middle East were discussed, was called Contemporary Problems of Palestine . Many respected scholars also worked there: historians, jurists and economists.

The Palestinian Society during this period was headed by the chairmen: S. P. Tolstov (1951-1970), Academician A. A. Huber (1970-1971), Academician S. L. Tikhvinsky (1971-1978), Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Z. V. Udaltsova (1978-1982), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. G. Solodovnikov (1982-1985), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. P. Novoseltsev (1985-1988), Professor R. T. Akhramovich (1988-1989) Professor O. G. Peresypkin (1989-2001) ^[45] .

Activities Abroad after 1917

In the fall of 1918, the Chairman of the Society, Prince A. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, emigrated to Germany ^[46] , where he headed the Council of PPO in exile.

Since 1918, members of the Society who have found themselves abroad, continued their activities, as far as the political situation of the time allowed, however, as a result of their activities, a significant number of land plots ITPO and RDM located both in Israel and in the Palestinian National Territory were sold. administration. PPO was divided into three independent sections: American, European and in the Holy Land. Seven people left the composition of the “Holy Land” section, having broken ties with the PPO in 1986, headed by Anthony Grabbe , who had gone into church schism, since 2004, this group of people has been headed by a follower of Anthony - N. A. Hoffman . This group of people calls themselves differently, including “PPO in the Holy Land” , “Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society” , but is officially registered in Munich under the name “ Russian Orthodox Society Holy Land - Russian Orthodox Society of the Holy Land ” and has the same details as the foundation of the composer A. K. Glazunov ^[47] , which is also led by Hoffmann, who appropriated the name Vorontsov.

Since 2000, there has been a Council of the PEP in the Holy Land, which consists of clergy and monks of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem (RDM) of the ROCA , and is headed by the Archbishop of Berlin and Germany, Mark (Arndt) . ^{[48] [49]} An agreement on cooperation was signed between the Council of the PPO in the Holy Land and the IOPS. At present, the Council of PPS in the Holy Land and the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society (IPPE) do not recognize a group of people who call themselves the “ Russian Orthodox Society of the Holy Land ” and occupy the Alexander metochion of the ITPO in Jerusalem ^[50] .

British Mandate Period (1917-1948)

Since 1917, the period of British colonial rule over Palestine begins. Since December 11, 1917, the troops of the British General E. Alenby occupied Jerusalem. From 1917 to 1919, the supervision of Russian buildings in Jerusalem was carried out by an employee and member of the Society and. about. Managing the farmsteads K.N. Petropulo. Contrary to the decision of the Society Council, Petropulo allows Turkish officers and soldiers to enter the Russian buildings, and then after the arrival of the British authorities, he allows the British colonial authorities to use the IOI courtyards ^[51] . These actions contrary to the instructions of the IOPS Council subsequently led to the fact that most of the Russian buildings were occupied by the British authorities.

In 1919, Nikolai Romanovich Seleznev arrived in Jerusalem, who served before WWI as an assistant manager of the courtyards of the IOPS in Jerusalem, who, as far as he could, tried to straighten out the situation created as a result of the irresponsible actions of K. N. Petropulo. With the support of the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral A.V. Kolchak , Commander-in-Chief A.I. Denikin and member of the IOPS Council A.A. Neratov , N.R. by the authorities. In a deplorable state, he accepts the Russian courtyards looted by the Turks in Jerusalem and partially occupied by the British colonial troops ^[52] .

In 1923, he made a trip to Europe to enlist the support of the Russian emigration there, meeting there with Prince A. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, lawyers, people with access to the foreign affairs agencies of Great Britain and France, and influential church figures. Members of the Compound Management during this period were also: V. K. Antipov, A. G. Kezma , M. N. Trapeznikova, Y. N. Faradzh, I. I. Spassky, E. M. Alekseeva. N.R. Seleznev until his death on May 26, 1925 tried, as far as possible, to preserve the Russian buildings of the IOPS, supporting the Russian Spiritual Mission , which was at that time in a difficult financial situation, however, most of the Russian buildings were occupied by the British colonial administration authorities ^[53] .

In 1922, a British mandate began to operate in Palestine . The English administration recognizes the existence of the Society and becomes the guardian of the PPO and the Russian spiritual mission . In January 1925, she appointed Captain Caste ^{[54] as} administrator, who notified PEP representatives that the British recognized the actual existence of the Society based in Berlin and the Management of Compounds with permanent residence in Jerusalem . At the same time, the colonial authorities are beginning to forcibly rent the assets of the PPO and the Mission. From this period, Russian property was until the end of the British mandate in 1948 under the close supervision of the administrator of Russian property of the English officer captain G. A. Cast ^[55] .

At the same time, the Soviet government does not abandon attempts to seize the property of the PPO and the Mission in Palestine and Syria. Corresponding notes are sent to the English and French governments ^[40] , and Plenipotentiary Rakovsky in negotiations in 1925 in London, but is not successful.

Since 1925, the former imperial consul in Persia, V.K. Antipov, managed the courtyards of the IOPS in Jerusalem and plots of land throughout Palestine ^[56] . In 1948, in anticipation of the British authorities leaving Palestine, V.K. Antipov moved from the Sergievsky Metochion of Jerusalem to the Alexander Metochion in the old city. Colonel of the imperial army V.A. Samarsky, who runs the compound from 1948 to 1951, remains in control in West Jerusalem at the Sergievsky Compound, which soon fell into the power of the newly formed state of Israel. ^[57]

Israeli period (since 1948)

On May 14, 1948, the state of Israel was proclaimed and the First Arab-Israeli War immediately began. The USSR was one of the first to establish diplomatic relations with Israel. On May 20, I. L. Rabinovich, Commissioner for Russian Property in Israel, was appointed. The Israeli government recognized the property of the USSR as all the buildings and lands of the PPO and RDM in the territory conquered by Israel during the war. Only those buildings and lands that were located in the Old City , East Jerusalem and on the West Bank , that is, in the territories annexed to Jordan after the Arab-Israeli war (1947-1949), remained in the jurisdiction of the PPO in the Holy Land. Until 1951, Colonel V. A. Samarsky, who lived in the Sergievsky Compound , remained the managing director of the apprentices in Jerusalem. In the same 1951, the authorized representative of the Russian Palestinian Society M.P. Kalugin arrived in Jerusalem, whose employees ^{[58] were} stationed in the eastern building of the Sergius Compound in Jerusalem and stayed there until the start of the Six Day War in 1967 ^[59] . Until 1959, V.K. Antipov was the manager of the software on the Alexander Compound in the old city of Jerusalem. In 1969, General Mikhail Khripunov , who retained his post until 1983 ^[60], became the manager of the Alexander Compound. On November 3, 2005, the Jerusalem branch of IOPS was established. From December 2008, as in pre-revolutionary times, an authorized representative of the IOPS began to act in Jerusalem, whose duties were performed by Pavel Platonov (from 2008 to 2015). Since December 25, 2015, IOPS in Israel have been represented by Igor Ashurbeyli, Director of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society in the State of Israel ^[61] . Since February 2009, the headquarters of the Jerusalem branch of IOPS has been located on the Sergievsky Compound in Jerusalem ^[62] .

In 1967, after the Six Day War, all of Jerusalem and the West Bank came under the control of the State of Israel. The Council of the PPO decided on the temporary care of the company by the ROCOR Synod of Bishops, which is implemented by the Decree of the latter of March 24, 1969 ^[63] . In addition, in April 1970, the PPO structure was reorganized and three independent sections arose: American, European, and the Holy Land ^[64] .

Chairpersons of the PPO Section in the Holy Land (after the reorganization of 1969-1970)

• 1969-1983 - General Mikhail Khripunov
• 1983-1986 - Archimandrite Anthony (Grabbe)

С 1986 года архимандрит Антоний (Граббе), согласно указу Архиерейского синода от 4 сентября 1986 года, лишён сана «за безответственную растрату церковных средств, отсутствие отчётности в Русской Духовной Миссии в Иерусалиме, нарушения законов об управлении чужим имуществом и соблазнительный образ жизни в нравственном отношении» ^[65] . С этого момента от «секции Святой Земли» РПЦЗ отделился Антоний Граббе, который ушёл в церковный раскол , теряя таким образом связь с ППО и его секцией в Святой Земле ^[65] . Следующие председатели самозванной организации, занимающей Александровское подворье , уже не имеющей отношения к зарубежной секции «Святой Земли» и ППО, самовыдвигаются соответственно в:

• 1986—1994 — Ольга Ассафовна Уахбе
• 1994—2004 — Антоний (Граббе)
• май 2004 года — по настоящее время — Николай Воронцов (настоящая фамилия Гофман) ^[66]

Present

В настоящее время отделившаяся от секции Святой Земли группа лиц из 8 человек c официальным названием, согласно юридической регистрации в городе Мюнхен (Германия), « Русское православное общество Святой Земли », находится вне какой-либо церковной юрисдикции. Эта группа лиц занимает Александровское подворье , находящееся рядом с храмом Гроба Господня . Подворье расположено в Старом городе Иерусалима и включает в себя Порог Судных Врат , домовую церковь святого Александра Невского , археологические раскопки и другие достопримечательности. Археологические исследования на этом участке начаты в 1882 , а строительство подворья в 1887 .

В 2000-х годах на Александровском подворье началась реконструкция.

11 июня 2015 года премьер-министр Российской Федерации Дмитрий Медведев подписал распоряжение, согласно которому Управление делами президента Российской Федерации должно провести необходимые юридические процедуры по оформлению прав России на Александровское подворье и церковь Александра Невского в Иерусалиме ^[67] .

• 5 (18) октября 1918 — ввиду отсутствия в Петрограде председателя Общества А. А. Ширинского-Шихматова временно исполняющим обязанности председателя становится академик В. В. Латышев (1918—1921). ^[40]

Советский период (1918—1991)

• 1918—1925 годы — борьба за выживание. Количество членов сократилось до 30—50 человек, главным образом это были петроградские и московские учёные. Сохранилась только научная деятельность ^[68] .
• С 16 декабря 1918 года на́чало именоваться Российское палестинское общество ^[40] .
• Январь 1921 года — дом Общества в Петрограде — 4-этажный дом № 10/49 на углу Мытнинской улицы и 5-й Рождественской улицы (сейчас 5-я Советская улица ), построен в 1915 году по проекту архитектора Степана Кричинского ^[69] — национализирован и передан в ведение Академии наук .
• Июнь 1921 — председателем РПО избран византинист академик Фёдор Успенский (1921—1928) ^[40] .
• Конец июня 1921 года — 3 апреля 1922 года — помещения Общества по Мытнинской улице, дом 10 опечатаны ЧК , заведующий домом и делами Общества В. Д. Юшманов арестован ^[40] .

• 18 мая 1923 года — правительствам Великобритании, Франции и Италии подана нота, в которой утверждается, что «…Российское правительство считает своим долгом констатировать по этому поводу, что в силу декрета Совета Народных Комиссаров от 23 января 1918 г. Русское Палестинское общество было ликвидировано и все его имущество, как движимое, так и недвижимое, было объявлено собственностью Российского государства» (цитируется по « Известиям ВЦИК » от 22 июня 1923, опубликовано также в «Петроградской правде») ^[40] .
• 20 июня 1923 года — НКВД ликвидировал Общество ^[40] .
• 29 октября 1925 года — Устав РПО зарегистрирован НКВД, деятельность возобновлена.
• Октябрь 1929 года — председателем РПО избран академик Николай Марр (1929—1934) ^[40] .
• 20 мая 1932 года — по решению советских властей взорван храм Общества в Петербурге — одноглавая Николо-Александровская церковь . Она находилась на пересечении Калашниковского проспекта (сейчас проспект Бакунина ), 2-й Рождественской улицы (сейчас 2-й Советская улица ) и Мытнинской улицы, стены были украшены внутри — фресками в стиле Дионисия . Построена в 1913—1915 по проекту архитектора Степана Кричинского . Храм был очень похож на церковь Николая Чудотворца в Бари , поэтому иногда именовался Николо-Барградским. Здесь хранилось много ценнейших старых икон и утвари, собранных знатоком древнерусского искусства Алексеем Ширинским-Шихматовым ^[70] .
• 20 декабря 1934 года умер председатель РПО академик Николай Марр; новый председатель избран не был ^[40]
• 1934—1951 годы — РПО представлял академик АН СССР, историк- арабист Игнатий Крачковский , последний член Общества дореволюционного состава.
• 1950 год — в связи с изменением политической обстановки на Ближнем Востоке — возникновением Израиля — советское правительство приняло решение об активизации присутствия в регионе и, в том числе, возобновлении деятельности РПО АН СССР, представительство которого организовано в Иерусалиме. Первым заявление на вступление в Общество подал митрополит Крутицкий Николай ^[71] .
• 16 января 1951 года на учредительном собрании нового состава РПО председателем избран исследователь Средней Азии Сергей Толстов (1951—1970). Тогда же представителем РПО в Израиле был утверждён сотрудник МИД СССР Михаил Калугин ^{[40] [72]} . Представительство Российского палестинского общества при Академии наук СССР находится в восточном корпусе Сергиевского подворья в Иерусалиме с 1951 по 1967 год ^[73] .
• 1954 — возобновление выхода «Палестинского сборника».
• 17 октября 1964 года — заключена так называемая « Апельсиновая сделка » (соглашение № 593), по которому СССР продал Израилю дом Российского генконсульства, Русскую больницу, Мариинское, Елизаветинское, Николаевское, Вениаминовское подворья в Иерусалиме и другие объекты за 4,5 млн долларов США.
• 1967 год — после Шестидневной войны СССР разорвал отношения с Израилем. По требованию МИД СССР представительство РПО АН СССР в Иерусалиме эвакуировано и покинуло занимаемые на Сергиевском подворье помещения. Вышло постановление ЦК КПСС об активизации работы РПО, в котором по идеологическим соображениям сделан акцент на необходимости усилить идейную борьбу с сионизмом .
• 1970 год — председателем РПО стал академик Александр Губер (1970—1971) ^[72] .
• 1985 год — председателем РПО стал востоковед Анатолий Новосельцев (1985—1988) ^[72] .
• 1988 год — председателем РПО стал Олег Пересыпкин (1988—2000) ^[72] .
• 1990 год — СССР восстановил отношения с Израилем. Группа сотрудников РПО посетила Святую землю впервые после длительного перерыва. В январе в Москве прошла первая большая международная конференция «Россия и Палестина: культурно-религиозные связи и контакты в прошлом, настоящем и будущем».

Послесоветский период (с 1992)

• 22 мая 1992 — Президиум Верховного Совета РФ принимает постановление о восстановлении исторического названия Императорское православное палестинское общество (ИППО) ^[74] и рекомендует правительству России принять необходимые меры по практическому восстановлению и возвращению ИППО его недвижимости. Министерство юстиции Российской Федерации признаёт его правопреемником и того ИППО, которое существовало до 1917 года, и РПО, существовавшего в советское время. ^[75]
• 2000 — председателем ИППО становится сотрудник МИД России А. Ф. Чистяков (2000—2003). ^[72]
• 2003 — председателем ИППО становится историк Я. Н. Щапов (2003—2007). ^[72]
• 2005 — в Иерусалиме, в Еврейском университете на горе Скопус, усилиями ИППО была организована международная научно-общественная конференция «Иерусалим в русской духовной традиции» с участием российских, израильских и арабских учёных ^[76] .
• 2005 — на Святой Земле — в Вифлееме и Иерусалиме учреждаются отделения ИППО. Председателем в Вифлееме становится — Д. Матар (с 2005 по настоящее время), в Иерусалиме — П. В. Платонов ^[77] . С декабря 2015 ИППО на территории Израиля представляет директор Императорского православного палестинского общества в государстве Израиль Игорь Ашурбейли ^[61] .
• 2007 — председателем ИППО становится председатель Счётной палаты Российской Федерации С. В. Степашин (с 2007 по настоящее время).
• 5 октября 2008 — правительство Израиля утвердило решение о передаче Сергиевского подворья России. ^[78]
• 28 декабря 2008 — Сергиевское подворье полностью возвращено России.

• 3 февраля 2009 — министр финансов Израиля Рони Бар-Он официально сообщил о передаче прав на Сергиевское подворье в Иерусалиме Правительству Российской Федерации. ^[78]
• 10 февраля 2009 — на Сергиевском подворье начались консервационные и реставрационные работы, а также разместился офис Иерусалимского отделения ИППО ^[79] .
• июнь 2012 — в присутствии президента Российской Федерации В. В. Путина торжественно открылось здание Российского культурного центра культуры и науки в Вифлееме, где также разместился офис Вифлеемского отделения ИППО ^{[80] [81]}
• август 2012 — на Сергиевском подворье в Иерусалиме после полного освобождения всех помещений от арендаторов начались полномасштабные реставрационные работы ^[82] .

• ноябрь 2012 — завершена реставрация здания Московского центра ИППО на ул. Забелина, д. 3, стр. 2, которое было безвозмездно передано Обществу правительством города Москвы ^[83]
• 13 марта 2013 — в присутствии председателя ИППО С. В. Степашина состоялась торжественная церемония закладки памятной капсулы в основание будущей общеобразовательной школы в Вифлееме ^[84] , первой школы в Палестинской национальной администрации с изучением русского языка как основного иностранного.

Председатели общества

• 1882—1905 — великий князь Сергей Александрович (1857—1905)
• 1905—1917 — великая княгиня Елизавета Федоровна (1864—1918)
• 1917—1918 — князь Алексей Александрович Ширинский-Шихматов (1862—1930) ^[85]
• 1918—1921 — академик Василий Васильевич Латышев (1855—1921)
• 1921—1928 — академик Федор Иванович Успенский (1845—1928)
• 1928—1934 — академик Николай Яковлевич Марр (1865—1934)

В 1934—1951 годах председатель не избирался, руководство РПО представлял заместитель председателя академик Игнатий Юлианович Крачковский (1883—1951).

• 1951—1970 — член-корреспондент АН СССР Сергей Павлович Толстов (1907—1976)
• 1970—1971 — академик Александр Андреевич Губер (1902—1971)
• 1971—1978 — академик Сергей Леонидович Тихвинский (1918—2018)
• 1978—1982 — член-корреспондент АН СССР Зинаида Владимировна Удальцова (1918—1987)
• 1983—1985 — член-корреспондент РАН Василий Григорьевич Солодовников (1918—2018)
• 1985—1988 — член-корреспондент РАН Анатолий Петрович Новосельцев (1933—1995)
• 1988—1989 — доктор исторических наук, профессор Роман Тимофеевич Ахрамович (1923—1989)
• 1989—2000 — доктор исторических наук, профессор Олег Герасимович Пересыпкин (род. 1935)
• 2001—2003 — кандидат политических наук Алексей Фёдорович Чистяков (род. 1946)
• 2003—2006 — член-корреспондент РАН Ярослав Николаевич Щапов (1928—2011)
• с 2007 года — доктор юридических наук, Сергей Вадимович Степашин (род. 1952) ^[86]

Современная структура ИППО

Председатель ИППО:

• Степашин Сергей Вадимович .

Председатель Комитета Почетных членов ИППО:

• Кирилл , патриарх Московский и всея Руси .

Заместители Председателя ИППО:

• Лисовой Николай Николаевич , Институт российской истории РАН, с. n с., д. и. n
• Марк , Архиепископ Рязанский и Михайловский, Московская Патриархия
• Агапова Елена Александровна
• Богданов Михаил Леонидович , заместитель министра иностранных дел Российской Федерации