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Artillery in the Civil War in Greece

The Greek royal artillery ( Greek Ελληνικό Πυροβολικό ΠΒ), during the Civil War in Greece (1946-1949), carried out its operations against formations of the partisan Democratic Army , having huge superiority in numbers and technical condition of their guns. Along with the numerical superiority of the royal army, British, and then American, financial, technical and logistical support, the superiority of the royal artillery over the artillery of the partisans, became one of the factors of the victory of the monarchists and the defeat of the pro-communist Democratic Army.

Civil War Prelude

After the December events of 1944, the leadership of the Communist Party of Greece and the command of the People’s Liberation Army (ELAS) went to sign the Varkizsky agreement in February 1945, believing that in this way the country would come to reconciliation. Today, the leadership of the Communist Party is considering the signature of this agreement as an “unacceptable compromise” [1] .

The heads of the former artillery reservist officer and commander of the ELAS, Aris Veluhiotis (right [2] ), who did not sign the Varkiz announcement, and his adjutant Zavelas, cut off on the square of Trikala, June 1945, chopped off by the monarchists.

The Varkiz agreement provided for the disarmament of all parts of ELAS. This allowed the gangs (συμμοριών [3] ) of the monarchists and former collaborators, with the connivance and support of the British troops, to begin the persecution of former ELAS partisans and citizens of leftist convictions, which in historiography was named "White Terror" [4] . Resistance veterans who fled to the mountains initially formed self-defense units, which until the summer of 1946 did not take offensive actions. Greek historiography considers the conventional start date of the Civil War March 31, 1946, when a group of ELAS veterans, under the command of A. Rocios , attacked a gendarme station in Litochoro , Central Macedonia [5] [6] .

Recreating Government Artillery

The government army of Greece began to form immediately after the landing in Attica of parts of the British army and the Holy detachment on October 13-14, 1944, even before the completion of the liberation of the north of Greece. The official task assigned to the army was to "restore order" and free the rest of Greece from the occupying forces. Actually, the December events in Athens were provoked by the demand of the British and the government of disarmament of ELAS units before the formation of a new army, which however did not extend to the Holy Detachment and the 3rd Mountain Brigade . The new army was originally called the National Guard (Εθνοφυλακή) and did not have significant forces.

 
British QF 25 pounder , formerly armed with Greek artillery regiments in North Africa, War Museum, Athens.

After the signing of the Varkizsky agreement, by order of March 4, 1945, a начала division began to form. The core of the division was the 3rd Mountain Brigade, which had one regiment of field artillery, which took part in the hostilities in Italy (from 8-9-1944 to 18-10-1944) including the battles for Rimini (9-22 / 9/1944) and Rubicon (from 25/9/1944 to 16/10/1944). The regiment, like the artillery regiments of the Ι and ΙΙ Greek brigades in North Africa, was armed with 25 pound British guns ( QF 25 pounder ), which were provided by the British government. The regiment was handed over to Greece in a hurry, without the guns and ammunition that were delivered at the end of 1944, as the British and government units consolidated their positions in Attica . A little later ΧΙ and ΙΧ divisions were formed. According to G. Margaritis, from the end of 1944 until May 1947, the British transferred to the government army 21-pound guns of 77 units, 3.7 inch 50 units, 5.5 inch 12 units [7] . After coordination with the British military mission, Decisions 71 and 97 of the Supreme Military Council of April 12, 1946, which were ratified by royal decree on June 6, and then by law 838 of June 21, 1946 "On the determination of the type of troops, units and services of the army," adopted the organization of the army, which provided for the formation of three army corps (Α΄, Β΄, Γ΄), 3 field divisions, 4 mountain divisions, 2 separate brigades and various artillery units [8] . However, it should also be noted the negative reviews of high-ranking Greek officers, such as Major General D. Zafiropoulos, about the violation of the instances of interference by British military mission officers in organizational matters of the Greek army in the period 1945 - early 1947 [9] .

Artillery School and Training Centers

In 1942, in the Middle East, the Artillery School of the Army of the Emigration of the Greek Government was organized, which since February 16, 1945, already in Greece, was subordinated to the Cavalry Training Center (Kέντρο Εκπαίδευσης Ιππικού - ΚΕΙ) in the Athenian region of Gudi . On May 1, 1946, the Artillery School was transferred to Nea Peramos, where it is still located today, subordinated to the artillery department of the General Staff. In addition, in April 1945, the Center for Special Ordinary Artillery Training (Κέντρο Ειδικής Εκπαίδευσης ιπλιτών Πυροβολικού - ΕΚΕΟΠ) was established in Magul Eleusis . Initially, the Center was formed as a division, with two batteries of 75 mm mountain guns and 105 mm field guns. After 3 months, the Center was transferred to Thebes , where in 1922 a similar Artillery Training School was located. On January 22, 1946, the Artillery Training Regiment (Σύνταγμα Υποδοχής Πυροβολικο пере - ΣΥΠ) was also formed in Nea Peramo, renamed the Artillery Training Center (Κέντρο Εκπαιδεύσεως Πυροβ in the same year).

 
Artillery Major General Stilianos Manidakis is one of the artillery organizers of the government army. With the outbreak of the Civil War, he led the 41st Brigade, and then the IX Infantry Division

Civil War Start

With the outbreak of the Civil War, a new army organization followed (organization June 1946 - July 1948). By orders from July to August 1946, the following new artillery units were formed [8] :

  • 102nd, 105th and 108th regiments of field artillery.
  • Special center for the preparation of mountain artillery.
  • 131st Mountain Artillery Regiment
  • Artillery Command ΙΙ, ΙΧ and ΧΙ divisions.

According to General D. Zafiropoulos, at the beginning of 1947 about 4 thousand people served in artillery and the artillery had 47 mortars of 4. 2 inches, 77 25-pound guns and 50 37-pound guns [9] .

Geopolitical Change

In the plans of the post-war structure, Great Britain believed that she would succeed in making Greece her own, a kind of "protectorate." However, its military intervention of December 1944 - January 1945 and the unconditional support of monarchists and former collaborators provoked a civil war, the scale of which Britain was not ready for. For Greece itself, this meant that, unlike other European countries that were rebuilding their economies after the end of World War II, as a result of British intervention, Greece was plunged into yet another destructive war. D. Fotiadis writes that according to the most conservative estimates, in order to maintain their “protectorate”, the British had to spend 40 million gold pounds a year. Realizing that a new war in Greece had just begun and that they would not pull this burden [10] , in early 1946, the British turned to the United States with a request to transfer “their own” to them, in the words of D. Fotiadis “ feud ”. In an address to the American president, the British side noted that “the Greek government will not last two weeks without immediately and significantly providing American resources in order to provide food to the starving urban population, as well as weapons and ammunition under tremendous pressure (partisans) from the national army " [11] . March 12, 1947, US President G. Truman proclaimed his doctrine and on May 22 signed a decree on Greek assistance. In the context of the outbreak of the Cold War , the Doctrine envisioned help to save not only Greece but also Turkey from “international communism”, creating the prerequisites for the future creation of the southern flank of NATO. Unable to bear the heavy burden of the Greek civil war, the British “gradually ceded their place in Greece to the Americans”, after which a generous stream of American weapons and supplies poured onto the royal Greek army [12] .

As a result of Truman's doctrine and the Marshall Plan , the royal Greek government received US $ 366 million in aid, spent mainly on the civil war [13] . The event marked the official "relay transfer" from the United Kingdom to the United States on the Greek issue [14] . Greek royal artillery immediately felt this change.

1948

With American material support, the General Staff of the government army in February 1948 began qualitative and quantitative changes in the army. In particular in artillery:

 
British mountain 3.7-inch howitzer Mk II. War Museum, Athens.
  • 3 divisions of mortars 4.2¨ and 3 divisions of mountain 3.7¨ British howitzers (Ordnance, QF 3.7-inch howitzer) were transformed into 6 divisions of mining artillery of 6 guns 75 mm, which had better ballistic characteristics compared to the British (general Zafiropoulos calls them “British mountain tools unsuitable for Greek conditions” [9] )
  • 2 medium artillery divisions of 6 guns and 1 separate battery with 2 guns were formed.
  • A topographic artillery division was formed.
  • 1 field artillery division was formed with 8 25-pound guns.

However, artillery colonel G. Rusos wrote in his report that the available artillery assets partially met Greek conditions [15] . Until June 1948, about 300 million American aid was received [9] .

 
General D. Van Fleet , Head of the US Military Mission in Greece.

However, American General D. Van Fleet complained to his Greek colleagues that the US Congress had limited aid to Greece to $ 50 million, justifying that aid was also reduced to Turkey [15] . But in general, the application for the supply of American mountain guns was granted. In addition, an additional 40 mountain guns were ordered [15] .

Organizational Change from August 1948 - End of 1949

The changes of this period regarding artillery were as follows [8] :

  • Mining artillery divisions were subordinated to divisions and increased to 8.
  • Another, third, medium artillery division was formed.
  • Field artillery regiments were subordinated, instead of divisions, to Army units and were assigned to Army corps, as well as medium artillery divisions.

Artillery of the Democratic Army of Greece

 
Emblem of the Democratic Army of Greece.

Unlike the royal (after the referendum of 1946 on the future monarchy [16] ) army, the Democratic Army of Greece did not have aviation, nor the navy, nor armored forces. As regards artillery, in all respects the artillery of the Democratic Army is not subject to serious comparison with the artillery of the royal army.

 
The artillery captain Stefanos, Papayannis , fought in the ranks of ELAS. In the photo in 1947, being the commander of the artillery unit of the Democratic Army of Greece and the rank of colonel [17] .

After signing the Varkizsky Agreement on February 12, 1945, the People's Liberation Army of Greece (ELAS) surrendered 81 heavy and 138 light mortars and up to 100 artillery pieces of various types, diameters, ages, and technical condition to the British [18] [19] . With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1946, armament with small arms, the Democratic Army of Greece allowed both due to weapons hidden on the personal initiative of ELAS veterans, and due to captured weapons. A little later, weapons began to arrive from the socialist countries of Europe. As regards artillery, the Democratic Army began at the end of 1946 the formation of its artillery from absolute zero, and almost completely depended on supplies from socialist countries [8] . Moreover, as N. Kiritsis writes, until the end of 1946 these deliveries should be characterized as “absolute zero” [20] . He notes that by the summer of 1947, the supply of the Democratic Army from abroad remained insignificant and that by the end of 1947 3-4 mountain guns of pre-war production had been delivered with insignificant stocks of shells [20] . In June 1947, during his visit to Moscow, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia A. (M) Rankovich submitted to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks the request of the DAG to supply 20 mountain guns and anti-aircraft machine guns. A. A. Kalinin testifies that by September 1947 the USSR had satisfied the DAG's application for the supply of weapons, “with the exception of two positions”: Instead of 60 mountain guns, 60 German 37-mm anti-tank guns and shells were delivered [21] . N. Kiritsis writes that in October 1947 the Secretary General of the Communist Party of Greece N. Zahariadis asked A. Zhdanov to supply 40 mountain guns, without specifying if it was a previous or new application [20] . Kiritsis, referring to General D. Zafiropoulos, writes that the DAG artillery was deployed for the first time on October 12, 1947 in the region of West Macedonia [20] . The first small artillery units of the DAG were formed in early 1948. Ultimately, 3 artillery units were formed [8] :

  • Artillery Unit in the Grammos Mountains (Commander Stefanos Papayannis )
  • Artillery Unit No. 66 in the Vitsi Mountains (Commander Kostas Iosifidis)
  • Artillery compound No. 69 in Central Macedonia (commander Hadzis)

In addition, on a limited number and scale, the DAG used artillery in Central Greece, Thessaly , Eastern Macedonia , and in the Evros region, at the junction of the Greek border with Bulgaria and Turkey.

S. Papayannis notes that besides the fact that the DAG artillery never had sufficient ammunition, obsolete guns and their depreciation, especially in the initial period of the war, were dangerous for gun crews and caused the deaths and injuries of DAG artillerymen [22] .

Solving the personnel problem of the DAG artillery

In preparation for military clashes across the country, the Greek government exiled 83 (former) ELAS senior officers to the islands of Ikaria - Naxos - Folegandros in July 1946 [23] . Hundreds of junior officers and thousands of ordinary ELAS were exiled to Makronisos Concentration Camp [23] .

 
Georgios Samaridis in 1940.

A great contribution to the (re) creation of the DAG artillery was made by artillery officers Yannis Kilismanis, Georgi Samaridis , Kimon Hadzimichelakis, Christos Stefopoulos, Theodosis Zervas and Stefanos Papayannis [22] . With the growth of partisan forces and the creation of the Democratic Army , there was an urgent need not only for senior officers, but also for trained junior command personnel. Most of the officers of the Democratic Army, especially junior officers, did not have a military education and received their military ranks on the battlefield. In order to partially solve the problem of command personnel, the Democratic Army created at its General Staff the “Officer School of the General Staff” (Στρατιωτική Σχολή του Γενικού Αρχηγείου - ΣΑΓΑ). In reality, these were courses lasting several months. The 3rd row (graduation) of the school included the training of artillery officers. The head of the artillery school was Major Kostas Ksirotiris. On March 25, 1948, 71 junior artillery lieutenants graduated from the school.

 
Soviet and Greek anthropologist Aris Pulianos , in the Civil War was an artillery officer in the Democratic Army [22]

.

D. Vladas writes that in total (2 rows) the school graduated 150 junior artillery lieutenants [20] . N. Kiritsis writes that a total of 348 junior lieutenants, 124 lieutenants, 46 captains, 21 majors, 8 lieutenant colonels and 3 colonels fought in the DAG artillery [20] . Stefanos Papayannis notes that in the ranks of the DAG artillery, as well as in the Democratic Army as a whole, a large number of women fought [22] .

In the Peloponnese and Islands [7]

 
Artillery officer Yannis Malagaris , commander of the Democratic Army on the island of Samos.

On the Peloponnese peninsula, the heroic ΙΙΙ division of the Democratic Army , the “Division of the Dead,” as it will be called in the future Greek historiography, unfolded hostilities [24] . In addition, small DAG formations launched military operations on the islands of Crete , Samos , Lesvos , Chios and Kefalonia . But unlike mainland Greece, the northern part of which bordered on the socialist countries, the DAG units in the Peloponnese and the islands practically had to provide themselves with weapons and ammunition on the ground. The Royal Navy provided artillery support to the army and the gendarmerie in coastal areas, but its main contribution to the war was the successful blocking of peninsular and island regions [9] . There is also no information if the DAG units in the Peloponnese and the islands are spread out even by units of (captured) guns. It is noteworthy that in the arsenal of the ΙΙΙ division of the Democratic Army in the Peloponnese, at the beginning of 1948, small arms, machine guns and 248 faustpatrons are listed (the result of the only successful flight of the DAG craft that delivered ammunition from Peloponnese to Albania and up to 500 faustpatrons4, 58 [7] but there is no mention of artillery.

The military operations of 1948 [25]

 
Grammos Mountains.
 
Vitsi mountains in winter.

В начале января ДАГ попыталась взять городок Коница в Эпире , но операция не увенчалась успехом. Согласно Н. Кирицису, ДАГ задействовала в этой операции 8 артиллерийских взводов [20] . В ночь с 9 на 10 февраля ДАГ обстреляла Салоники . Обстрел не преследовал военных целей и был лишь военно-политическим актом для создания впечатлений и пропаганды — речь шла о втором городе страны, о столице Македонии. Группа партизан (по разным оценкам от 200 до 1000 человек) подошла к городу и в течение часа (02:30 — 03:30) выпустила по городу 40 снарядов из трофейного немецкого 75 мм орудия. Целью обстрела были склады и казармы, но в ходе обстрела погибли 6 и были ранены 7 гражданских лиц. Командование III Корпуса королевской армии организовало погоню. Партизаны были на рассвете обнаружены самолётами королевской авиации на своём пути к горам Крусиа. Бронемашины XI Разведывательного полка [26] успели перерезать пути их отступления и нанесли им потери в бою при Асвестохόри. Окончательный разгром этой группы партизан был достигнут на равнине, при их попытке переправиться через озеро Св. Василия. Обстрел обошёлся ДАГ в сотню убитых и более сотни пленных. 111 пленных партизан предстали перед военным трибуналом в Салониках, 52 были осуждены к смертной казни, 15 на длительные сроки заключения [27] .

В апреле 1948года I корпус королевской армии и осуществил зачистку Пелопоннеса (операция «Голубь») [23] ) от изолированной на полуострове и оставшейся без боеприпасов [23] «героической III дивизии Демократической армии Греции », «дивизии мёртвых» [28] [29] .

В условиях холодной войны и американской ядерной монополии, поставки греческим партизанам через Югославию, Албанию и Болгарию были ограниченными. ДАГ продолжала испытывать недостаток в боеприпасах и артиллерии. Маркос Вафиадис , командующий ДАГ, в своём письме в Москву в июле 1948 года, отмечал крайний недостаток артиллерии, боеприпасов и средств связи [30] .

Летом 1948 года королевская армия предприняла операцию «Коронис», с целью разбить основные силы ДАГ располагавшиеся в горах Граммос . Приняв бой с королевской армией в июне 1948 года в горах Граммос, бόльшая часть сил ДАГ прорвалась в ночь с 20 на 21 августа с Граммоса на горный массив Вици . В этом манёвре приняли участие до 8500 бойцов ДАГ. Прорыв был произведен двумя колоннами. В первой находились 103-я и 16-я бригады, подразделения генштаба, подразделения и артиллерия части № 670. Во второй находились 107-я бригада, подразделения и артиллерия штаба Западной Македонии . 24 августа королевская армия выступила с двух направлений против выскользнувших основных сил ДАГ и других отрядов действовавших в Вици. Основной удар королевской армии, наступавшей при поддержке авиации и артиллерии, приняли 108-я и 16-я бригады ДАГ. Ночью 31 августа 16-я бригада ДАГ отбросила 45-ю королевскую бригаду на исходные позиции. Наступавшая в секторе Краниона, при поддержке авиации, артиллерии и 15 танков, 73-я королевская бригада понесла большие потери, 2 танка были подбиты. К 2 сентября наступление королевской армии было остановлено, и в Касторью , прибыл американский генерал Ван Флит , который, напоминая о предоставленном королевской армии американском оружии, приказал продолжить наступление. В ходе повторного наступления, 45-я королевская бригада понесла огромные потери и была отведена в тыл. Её место заняла 22-я бригада. Части и артиллерия 16-й бригады ДАГ успешно отражали все атаки противника. В тот же день, в секторе Мали Мади – Бреница, королевская армия бросила в бой 4 пехотные бригады, 40 орудий, авиацию и танки, под непосредственным командованием командира II корпуса армии, генерал-майора С. Китрилакиса. 4 сентября, в ходе обороны высоты 1228, зенитная артиллерия ДАГ сбила самолёт королевской авиации. 5 сентября 3–я горная бригада заняла высоту Порта, но в дальнейшем её движении была остановлена 16-й бригадой ДАГ. Генерал Китрилакис приказал 3-й бригаде занять Буци, а 73-й бригаде занять высоту Мали Мади и Кристаллопиги, угрожая тем самым отрезать части ДАГ от албанской границы. В ночь с 5 на 6 сентября два батальона ДАГ предприняли контратаку против позиций 73-й бригады и нанесли ей серьёзные потери. 7 сентября 73-я бригада была отведена в тыл и её позиции заняла 22-я бригада. Королевская артиллерия непрерывно обстреливала Буци, который одновременно подвергался бомбардировке практически всеми предоставленными королевской авиацией амолётами. Однако все попытки 3й бригады занять Буци были безуспешными. Батальон Алевраса (из 16-й бригады ДАГ), который героически оборонял Буци, ночью был усилен ещё двумя батальонами. Это дало время генштабу ДАГ подготовить контрнаступление. В ночь с 9 на 10 сентября 3 батальона ДАГ выдвинулись к Полианемо, с целью достичь Дендрохόри, где располагались 3 батареи королевской армии. Однако 107 я бригада завязла в Полианемо. Тем временем части 103-й и 14-й бригад ДАГ заняли высоту 1224 и вышли в тыл 3-й бригаде королевской армии. Ночью 10 сентября артиллерия ДАГ начала обстреливать из Буци высоты Попова – Нива и Рабатина, внеся панику в ряды расположенных там частей 22-й бригады. Сразу по завершению артобстрела, в 5 утра, батальон ДАГ выступивший из Мали Мади приблизился к Рабатине «на расстояние прыжка». Одновременно с вечера, один взвод партизан ДАГ занял позиции под скалами, где располагался 508-й батальон 22-й бригады. По завершению артобстрела, взвод атаковал королевский батальон используя гранаты. Почти одновременно подключился подошедший батальон, используя автоматы и фаустпатроны . Застигнутые врасплох солдаты 508-го батальона побежали, увлекая в своём бегстве и другие части 22-й бригады Одновременно, части 108-й бригады ДАГ атаковали остальные силы 22 й бригады в Мескина, чьи солдаты стали оставлять и эти позиции. Две роты артиллеристов ДАГ, действуя как пехотная часть прибыла в Буци (1776), освободив тем самым располагавшийся там один пехотный батальон, который предпринял безуспешную атаку на 3-ю бригаду королевской армии. В отчаянии генерал Китрилакис издал 11 сентября приказ своим пяти бригадам, запрашивая их доложить о своих позициях и направлении ветров, «с тем чтобы сегодня использовать удушливые газы». В конечном итоге газы так и не были использованы. Тем временем части ДАГ заняли высоту 1600 и вновь предприняли атаку против 3-й бригады. С первыми залпами артиллерии ДАГ, 3-я бригада, во избежание окружения, бросила ночью позиции и побежала в беспорядке. На третий день сражения королевская армия удерживала только высоту Вуци к юго-востоку от Мали Мади, которую защищала её 73-я бригада, усиленная частями 45-й и 61-й бригад. Артиллерия ДАГ из Буци стала обстреливать Вуци, а пехотные части брали высоты одну за другой. Не в силах противостоять меткому огню артиллерии ДАГ и решительным атакам её пехотных частей, последние части королевской армии в регионе бежали, бросив в складах снабжение, продовольствие и боеприпасы. Генерал Т. Цакалόтос , писал об этих событиях: «под ударами партизан рассыпались целые бригады». Генерал Т. Пендзопулос писал: « вместо того чтобы зачистить Вици, под угрозой оказалась Касторья». Более откровенно Э. Авероф пишет: «Солдаты побросали своё оружие и обуянные паникой оставили свои позиции и побежали к Касторье. Они были арестованы военной полицией и сразу предстали перед трибуналом. 78 дезертиров были расстреляны в те дни». Завершая успехи 1948 года, в декабре части ДАГ, располагавшие только 3 горными орудиями [31] , заняли город Кардица в Фессалии и продержались там почти сутки [32] .

Оценка сил артиллерии ДАГ в 1948 году

Н. Кирицис пишет, что в 1948 году ДАГ получила противотанковые, зенитные и горные орудия [20] . Ссылаясь на генерала Д. Зафиропулоса, он пишет, что ДАГ располагала:

  • 45 орудиями 75 мм
  • 15 орудиями 105 мм
  • 31 зенитными орудиями 20 мм и 37 мм
  • 38 противотанковыми орудиями 20 мм и 37 мм
  • 3 противотанковыми орудиями 75 мм
  • 12 миномётами 120 мм

Н. Кирицис соглашается, что в общей сложности артиллерия ДАГ насчитывала 60 горных орудий, и только в горах Вици находились 5-6 полевых орудий [20] . Он же отмечает серьёзные проблемы с транспортировкой (в основном на мулах) разобранных орудий и постоянный дефицит снарядов [20] .

Военные действия первой половины 1949 года

Генерал Д. Зафиропулос пишет, что в начале 1949 года у партизан появилось заметное число орудий и боеприпасов [9] . 11 января 1949 года, после двух дней упорных боёв, X дивизия ДАГ заняла город Науса в Центральной Македонии , который обороняла 33 бригада королевской армии и иррегулярные отряды монархистов [33] . В ходе операции и как отвлекающий манёвр, 3 орудия артиллерии ДАГ открыли огонь по близлежащему городу Эдесса . Среди трофеев захваченных в Наусе, сводка ДАГ упоминает 4 полевых орудий с 3 тыс. снарядов, 7 единиц гусеничной бронетехники, 15 больших канадских миномётов с снарядами. 14 января части ДАГ приступили к отходу из города [34] . Одним из самых больших успехов Демократической армии стало занятие города Карпенисион 21 января 1949 года , силами I дивизии «капитана Йотиса» (будущего генсека компартии Х. Флоракиса и ΙΙ дивизии «военного гения партизанской войны» [23] «капитана Диамантиса» ( Я. Александру ) [23] .

В феврале, преследуя военно-политические цели, руководство компартии и командование ДАГ приняло решение предпринять атаку и занять Флорину . Город находился на стыке границ Греции с Албанией и Югославией, располагал аэродромом. Установление контроля над Флориной создавало возможность расположить там временное правительство и продолжить переговоры с правительством в Афинах. Город обороняла II дивизия королевской армии, в составе трёх пехотных бригад, поддерживаемых одним дивизионом (по другим источникам полком) полевой артиллерии, одной батарей средней артиллерии, двумя батареями (по другим источникам батальоном) горной артиллерии, одним взводом бронемашин. С началом сражения королевские силы в городе были усилены 5 пехотными батальонами и илой танков и 2 илами бронемашин из Козани, Касторьи и Эдессы, и двумя артиллерийскими батареями из Касторьи и Эдессы. В общей сложности, со стороны оборонявшихся, в сражении приняло участие 8.000 солдат и 300 жандармов.

Со стороны ДАГ, в сражении приняли участие 18-я и 103-я бригады, части 108-й бригады, 107-я и 14-я бригады, отряд горы Каймакчалан и отряд кавалерии. Атака также была поддержана одной бригадой IX дивизии, Офицерским училищем, тремя ротами диверсантов, двумя ротами истребителей танков, 2 противотанковыми и 2 зенитными взводами (Н. Кирицис перечисляет 4 противотанковых орудий 37 мм и 4 20 мм, 3 зенитных орудий 37 мм и 3 20мм [20] . В общей сложности силы атаковавших частей ДАГ насчитывали около 7 тыс. человек.

Подразделения ДАГ, с большими потерями вступили в город, но после того как подошли подкрепления королевской армии и в сражении была задействована бронетехника и авиация, стали отступать в беспорядке. Это сражение было отмечено неслыханными до того массовыми зверствами королевской армии – были расстреляны около 350 раненных ДАГ, около 700 (трупов) бойцов ДАГ были закопаны в котловане вырытом у церкви Св. Фомы, без попытки отделить мёртвых от ещё живых [35] . Это было самое кровавое для ДАГ сражение и самое большое поражение в Гражданской войне на тот момент. В том что касается артиллерии ДАГ, Н. Кирицис считает что она не проявила активность в этом сражении [20] . В том что касается брошенных орудий, Н. Кирицис представляет любопытную и не стыкующую с предыдущей информацию о том, что после сражения «на складах Флорины были собраны 16 (горных) трофейных орудий, 9 противотанковых орудий и 34 миномётов» [20] .

ПВО Демократической армии

The DAG did not have aviation, although it had been preparing for its creation since November 1947 and had prepared at least one airfield. A large number of pilots located or clandestine were mobilized. However, Yugoslavia refused to transfer the requested planes to the DAG. In turn, in the conditions of the Cold War and the nuclear monopoly of the United States and the USSR, he was cautious in this matter. A subsequent attempt to hijack a group of Supermarine Spitfire fighters was uncovered by the secret police [20] . 75 pilots were declared unworthy to wear the rank of Greek officers. According to N. Kiritsis, there were also no separate anti-aircraft defense compounds in the DAG [20] . Despite the absence of the enemy in the air and the weak anti-aircraft weapons of the Democratic Army, the losses of the royal aviation in the period 1946-1949 were significant. However, out of 71 dead pilots [36], 42 (!) Died during training flights, engine failures, and casualties not related to military operations. The losses reflect the age and technical condition of the aircraft, especially the obsolete Vickers Wellington MkXIII, which caused more than half of such losses. Only 20 pilots died after their planes were hit by fire from the ground.

 
One of the last Greek "Dakot", demonstrated in flight condition in August 1983.

This includes the crew of the Dakota, shot down over the Grammos massif with a mortar (!), Which confirms the fact that the pilots carried out their operations in shaving flight. 5 pilots died as a result of the fact that their planes crashed into mountain peaks during flights in fog and bad weather. General D. Zafiropoulos writes about 25 downed / fallen planes, without specifying how they were downed [9] .

 
Aircraft North American T-6 Texan. Museum of War (Athens) .

During the occupation of Karpenison on January 21, 1949, DAG guerrillas shot down a North American Aviation T-6G Harvard reconnaissance aircraft over the city. The plane made a hard landing. Aircraft pilot, aviation major P. Tsukas was wounded, died immediately after landing and was immediately buried [37] . The observer was the American Ass of World War II ( Cross of Merit of Merit (USA) / Cross for Outstanding Merit of Merit (Great Britain) / Purple Heart (medal) ), aviation lieutenant colonel Selden R. Edner (1919-1949), who escaped with bruises. The American Air Museum in England refers to Edner as the Air Attaché in Greece. Edner’s fate was sad. He was killed on the spot by a partisan who committed lynching at the height of the battle, for which he appeared before the tribunal. In addition to killing the prisoner, he was accused of depriving the DAG of the opportunity to exchange an American officer for imprisoned communists [38] . Before the decisive battles of the war, the DAG deployed anti-aircraft guns of 20 mm and 37 mm were in the mountains of Vitsi and Grammos, and, according to N. Kiritsis, in the “Free Territory at Lake Prespa. ” According to N. Kiritsis, the royal airplanes avoided low flights over the free territory [20] .

Last Civil War fights

On July 11, 1949, Tito- Yugoslavia, for geopolitical reasons and after breaking off relations with the USSR, officially announced the closure of the Greco-Yugoslav border, leaving the Democratic Army the only and insufficient way to supply through Albania [39] [40] . In fact, the Yugoslav border was closed to the Democratic Army long before I. B. Tito officially announced this [41] . The information that Tito Yugoslavia passed parts of the Greek royal army through its territory to reach the rear of the DAG is today disputed by some Greek historians and publications [42] . However, the actions of Yugoslavia are not in dispute, which, as today were then described in the Soviet editions and editions of the Communist Party of Greece as a “stab in the back of the Greek Communists” [43] [44] , which was subsequently picked up by Chinese buildings [45] . According to General D. Zafiropoulos, as a result of these geopolitical changes, the Democratic Army was no longer able to conduct military operations of the scale of 1947-48 [9] . By this time, the main forces of the Democratic Army were squeezed by the royal army in Western Macedonia and Epirus , at the junction of the borders of Greece, Yugoslavia and Albania. On August 2-8, the royal army carried out a distracting operation on the Grammos massif, code-named “Torch I” (“Πυρσός Α΄”). On August 10, Operation Torch II (ΠΥΡΣΟΣ Β ') began on the Vitsi massif. Six divisions, irregular battalions of monarchists, 110 guns, tanks and armored personnel carriers, 87 combat aircraft (with observation and others in total more than 120) were involved. On the other hand, the Democratic Army stationed up to 8,800 people in Vitsi, including support staff and wounded in hospitals. After defeating Vitzi, the royal army undertook Operation Torch III ("ΠΥΡΣΟΣ Γ '"). King Paul and American General D. Van Fleet were invited to oversee the operation that ended the war. The operation of the royal army involved 5 divisions, 1 separate brigade, 4 light infantry regiments, 120 guns, armored vehicles and the entire royal aviation. According to various sources, royal forces numbered from 120 to 180 thousand people [46] . The Democratic Army housed 6,500 people in the Grammos Mountains, to which 6,000 people escaped from the Vitsi mountains. A total of 12.500 people [47] . As regards royal aviation, it not only did not have an enemy in the air, but also on the ground, in these last battles, the Democratic Army could counter it with only 15 anti-aircraft guns [48] [49] . Regarding the royal artillery, the report presented by the chief of artillery at the General Staff, Major General T. Zaimis, is noteworthy. According to General Zaimis, between August 10-16 and August 24-30, the royal artillery used 121 thousand 25-pound shells, 30 thousand 75 mm, 19 thousand 5.5 inches. It is noteworthy that the general knocked out the sum of the cost of these shells in US dollars, 3.137.644 [15] . He notes damage to the guns due to "overuse". The figures given by General Zaimis about the loss of artillery in manpower confirm the fact that the royal artillery acted from safe distances for it - 1 officer and 8 artillerymen killed [15] .

On August 28, 1949, the royal troops again and finally occupied the Grammos Mountains. In order to avoid encirclement and total defeat, the DAG General Staff ordered all formations and refugees to move to the territory of Albania [50] . Isolated and disparate groups of DAG partisans broke into Albania until 1951, but their actions were self-defense [51] .

After the Civil War

Rifle to the Leg [52]

The retreat of the DAG to the territory of Albania, which, moreover, after the break with Tito was geographically isolated from other socialist countries, created the danger of the invasion of the royal Greek army in Albania. Moreover, the Communist Party of Greece proclaimed the thesis “Rifle to the foot” (το όπλο παρά πόδα), which implied the likelihood of renewed hostilities [53] . In order to avoid international complications, the USSR and the socialist countries conducted an urgent and secret operation to transport soldiers and wounded DAG, as well as women and children, from Albania by sea. Of the total number of 62 thousand people, the USSR took 22 thousand (military personnel), Czechoslovakia 16 thousand (a large percentage of children), Poland 7 thousand (a large percentage of the wounded, a special "hospital 250" was created on Wolin Island [20 ] ) [22] . In the first years of their stay in the USSR, DAG field officers, including artillery officers, studied at military schools [23] . The thesis “Rifle to the leg” was canceled in 1953, after the death of I.V. Stalin. The repatriation of DAG fighters and their families, which began in the mid-60s, was interrupted with the establishment of a military dictatorship in Greece in 1967. Most of the DAG fighters returned to their homeland after the fall of the military regime in 1974 and the abolition of the monarchy.

Royal Artillery Organizational Change at the End of 1949

After the end of the Civil War, from October to December 1949, changes in the organization of the royal army followed. Regarding artillery, the changes were as follows [8] :

  • out of 9 mountain artillery divisions, 6 remained in service, while 3 divisions remained as mobilized.
  • without mountain artillery divisions, остались, ΧΙ and VI divisions remained.
  • each mountain artillery division had 3 batteries of 2 guns, i.e. a total of 6 guns.
  • The 104th and 108th regiments of field artillery were disbanded and transformed into mobilization units.

Organization of the period 1950 - 1952

Leading the country destroyed by war on April 15, 1950, old General Nikolaos Plastiras tried to reconcile Greece. In the face of triumphant anti-communism and the outbreak of the Cold War , this attempt, along with the refusal to send Greek troops to Korea, cost him power. Sophocles Venizelos, who came to replace him on August 21, immediately declared that Greece would take part in the Korean War, “despite the fact that after 10 years of war, Greece had no reason and desire to start the war again” [23] [6] ] . Meanwhile, in April 1950, the Ministry of National Defense was formed to which the (former) 3 military ministries (Army, Navy and Aviation) were subordinate and the corresponding sub-ministries were formed.

In 1951, the following changes were made in the artillery of the Army and were formed [8] :

  • 3 regiments of field artillery with 25 pounds guns.
  • 2 medium artillery divisions with new American guns (howitzers) 155 mm.
  • 3 regiments of 6-pound anti-tank guns.
  • 3 regiments of anti-aircraft guns 40 mm
  • 1 anti-tank division with captured weapons 37 mm.
  • 1 anti-aircraft division with captured weapons 20 mm.
  • 1 airborne surveillance division.
  • The 152 division of 5.5 "medium artillery was disbanded.

After these changes, the artillery was distributed as follows:

  • 8 mountain artillery divisions 75 mm., 8 guns for each division.
  • 7 regiments of field artillery 25 pounds, 18 guns in each regiment
  • 1 field artillery division 105 mm. (8 guns).
  • 3 medium artillery divisions with 5.5 "and 155 mm guns., 8 guns in each division.
  • 2 regiments of anti-aircraft artillery 40 mm. 36 guns per regiment
  • 2 6-pound anti-tank artillery regiments, 36 guns per regiment
  • Air surveillance division (15 aircraft).

NATO

In February 1952, Greece joined NATO [54] . In 1952, the army was limited to 143,000 people. The following changes took place in artillery [8] : Field artillery regiments became organic divisions of divisions. So, each division, except for the V division, which had only mountain artillery divisions, was reinforced by 1 field artillery regiment. Of these regiments, 2 had 24 guns, 2 had 16 guns and 1,113 guns. The medium artillery divisions were included in the medium artillery regiments (one 5.5 "and one 155 mm). Four 40 mm anti-aircraft artillery regiments were added.

Since the mid-50s, the organization of the Greek army and its artillery troops follows NATO standards [55] .

Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=2730132&textCriteriaClause=%2BΣΥΜΦΩΝΙΑ+%2BΤΗΣ+%2BΒΑΡΚΙΖΑΣ
  2. ↑ https://www.mixanitouxronou.gr/to-onoma-tou-proin-katsikoklefti-pou-ekopse-ke-metefere-to-kefali-tou-ari-velouchioti-gia-na-echi-evnoiki-metachirisi-apo -to-kratos-perissotera-stichia-gia-tin-katadioxi-tou-ari-apo-ta-nea /
  3. ↑ http://www.iospress.gr/ios2009/ios20090517.htm
  4. ↑ https://lefterianews.wordpress.com/2016/12/13/λευκή-τρομοκρατία-το-οργανωμένο-έγκλ/
  5. ↑ http://62.103.28.111/ds/ds_archive.asp .
  6. ↑ 1 2 100 + 1 Χρόνια Ελλάδα, εκδ. Μανιατέας, 1999
  7. ↑ 1 2 3 Γιώργος Μαργαρίτης, Ιστορία του Εμφυλίου Πολέμου 1946 - 1949, Βιβλιόραμα, Αθήνα 2005, ISBN 960-8087-12-0
  8. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [1]
  9. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Δ. Ζαφειρόπουλου, υποστράτηγου ε.α., Ο Αντισυμμοριακός Αγών 1945 - 1949, Αθήνα 1956
  10. ↑ Michael Mark Amen, American Foreign policy in Greece 1944/1949: Economic Military and Institutional Aspects (Peter Lang Ltd., Frankfurt am Main 1978) σελ. 90.
  11. ↑ Δημήτρης Φωτιάδης, Ενθυμήματα, τομ. Β, σελ.329, Εκδ. Κέδρος, 1983
  12. ↑ https://www.rizospastis.gr/page.do?publDate=22/5/2018&id=17207&pageNo=2
  13. ↑ Τι ήταν το Σχέδιο Μάρσαλ και τι εξυπηρετούσε (πηγή: Ο ερευνητής της Βέροιας)
  14. ↑ Το Δόγμα Τρούμαν, η Ελλάδα και η Ευρώπη
  15. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος, ISBN 978-960-503-504-4
  16. ↑ http://www.royalchronicles.gr/thefutureofroyaltyingreece/
  17. ↑ Ελληνες εξόριστοι αξιωματικοί στη Νάξο και η απόδραση των δώδεκα | ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ | ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΗΣ
  18. ↑ Stefanos Sarafis, ELAS: Greek Resistance Army (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1981), p. 525.
  19. ↑ Ο ΕΛΑΣ παραδίδει χιλιάδες όπλα στους Βρετανούς μετά από τη συμφωνία της Βάρκιζας. Όμως κρύβει τα πιο σύγχρονα που αρκούν για 30 χιλιάδες μαχητές. Είναι η ετοιμασία για τον "επ ...
  20. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Νίκος Κυρίτσης, Δημορατικός Στρατός Ελλάδας, Σύγχρονη Εποχή 2012, ISBN 978-960-451-146-4
  21. ↑ http://vestnik.yspu.org/releases/2011_3g/21.pdf
  22. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Στέφανος Παπαγιάννης, Από εύελπις αντάρτης, Σύγχρονη Εποχή, Αθήνα 1991, ISBN 960-224-300-
  23. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Τριαντάφυλος Α. Γεροζήσης, Το Σώμα των αξιωματικών και η θέση του στη σύγχρονη Ελληνική κοινωνία (1821-1975), εκδ. Δωδώνη, ISBN 960-248-794-1
  24. ↑ Η Νεκρη Μεραρχια (Διτομο) / Παπακωνσταντινου Κωνσταντινοσ (Μπελασ)
  25. ↑ https://www.rizospastis.gr/page.do?publDate=25/8/2018&id=17277&pageNo=18
  26. ↑ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΙΠΠΙΚΟΥ - ΤΕΘΩΡΑΚΙΣΜΕΝΩΝ
  27. ↑ https://www.sansimera.gr/articles/404
  28. ↑ Η Νεκρη Μεραρχια (Διτομο) / Παπακωνσταντινου Κωνσταντινοσ (Μπελασ)
  29. ↑ KOKKINOΣ ΦΑΚΕΛΟΣ: H 3η Μεραρχία των νεκρών του ΔΣΕ
  30. ↑ http://vestnik.yspu.org/releases/2011_3g/21.pdf
  31. ↑ https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=1544369
  32. ↑ https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=8238671
  33. ↑ https://www.rizospastis.gr/page.do?publDate=11/1/2019&id=17387&pageNo=2
  34. ↑ https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=5678865
  35. ↑ https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=8769207
  36. ↑ Λευκωμα Πεσοντων Αεροπορων Ανα Χρονικη Περιοδο - Πασοιπα
  37. ↑ Σελίδα Πεσόντα - ΤΣΟΥΚΑΣ ΠΑΝΑΓΙΩΤΗΣ του Ηλία - Σμηναγός
  38. ↑ Χαρίλαος Φλωράκης: Η "επανεκτίμηση" | Protagon.gr
  39. ↑ Archived copy (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Date accessed July 17, 2019. Archived May 12, 2017.
  40. ↑ https://www.rizospastis.gr/static.do?page=%2Fhistory%2Fdse%2FDSE_MEROS_68_23-01-97_10.jsp
  41. ↑ https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=3631781
  42. ↑ https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=3631781
  43. ↑ http://www.plam.ru/polit/_tito_glavar_predatelei/p10.php
  44. ↑ https://books.google.gr/books?id=SAGG1snJAJAC&pg=PT293&lpg=PT293&dq=%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA% D0% B8% D0% B9 +% D1% 83% D0% B4% D0% B0% D1% 80 +% D0% B2 +% D1% 81% D0% BF% D0% B8% D0% BD% D1% 83 +% D0% B3% D1% 80% D0% B5% D1% 87% D0% B5% D1% 81% D0% BA% D0% B8% D0% BC +% D0% BA% D0% BE% D0% BC% D0% BC% D1% 83% D0% BD% D0% B8 % D1% 81% D1% 82% D0% B0% D0% BC & source = bl & ots = KotcyS-q72 & sig = VKDJSFJ-vFN0JnUIvDy11gA7fjo & hl = el & sa = X & ved = 2ahUKEwi0lr3d5OPfAhWIsqQKHS5ZBgIQ6AEwBnoECAkQAQ # v = onepage & q = % D1% 82% D0% B8% D1% 82% D0% BE% D0% B2% D1% 81% D0% BA% D0% B8% D0% B9% 20% D1% 83% D0% B4% D0% B0 % D1% 80% 20% D0% B2% 20% D1% 81% D0% BF% D0% B8% D0% BD% D1% 83% 20% D0% B3% D1% 80% D0% B5% D1% 87 % D0% B5% D1% 81% D0% BA% D0% B8% D0% BC% 20% D0% BA% D0% BE% D0% BC% D0% BC% D1% 83% D0% BD% D0% B8 % D1% 81% D1% 82% D0% B0% D0% BC & f = false
  45. ↑ http://library.maoism.ru/Great_Polemic/Yugoslavia_1963-09-26.html
  46. ↑ 2. Σ. Γρηγοριάδη: "Ιστορία της Σύγχρονης Ελλάδας 1941-1974, εκδόσεις Κ. Καπόπουλος, τόμος 3ος, σελ. 372
  47. ↑ http://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=913895&textCriteriaClause=%2BΔΣΕ+%2BΡΗΞΑΝ+%2BΑΕΡΟΠΛΑΝΟ
  48. ↑ http://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=3782952&textCriteriaClause=%2BΑΝΤΙΑΕΡΟΠΟΡΙΚΑ+%2BΔΣΕ
  49. ↑ http://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=913895
  50. ↑ Σπουδαστήριο Νέου Ελληνισμού - Χρονολόγιο
  51. ↑ Κώστα Κουτμάνη, Για το δίκιο και τη λευτεριά, Μορφωτικές Εκδόσεις, Αθήνα 2008, σελ. 39, 40, 45, 46
  52. ↑ http://www.biblionet.gr/book/100049/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%B1%CF% 81% CE% AC_% CF% 80% CF% 8C% CE% B4% CE% B1
  53. ↑ https://www.npress.gr/apopseis/16-oktovriou-1949-mirea-anakinosi-tou-kke-oplo-para-poda/
  54. ↑ https://www.sansimera.gr/articles/180
  55. ↑ https://belisarius21.wordpress.com/2014/03/12/προτάσεις-για-την-αναδιοργάνωση-των-μ-2/
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artillery_ in_Civilian_war_ in_Greece&oldid = 101304575


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Clever Geek | 2019