Juan Martín Díez ( Spanish: Juan Martín Díez , September 5, 1775 , Castrillo de Duero , Valladolid - August 20, 1825 , Roa , Burgos ), better known by the nickname Empesinado ( stubborn ) ( Spanish. El Empecinado ) - Spanish military leader, glorified guerrilla hero of the war against the Napoleonic invaders of 1808-1814 , general, participant in the Spanish Revolution of 1820-1823 .
| Juan Martin Diaz | |
|---|---|
| Juan Martín Díez | |
 copy of the portrait painted by Goya | |
| Nickname | "Stubborn" ( Spanish el Empecinado ) |
| Date of Birth | September 5, 1775 |
| Place of Birth | Castrillo de Duero , Valladolid , Spain |
| Date of death | August 20, 1825 (49 years old) |
| Place of death | Roa (city) , Burgos Spain |
| Affiliation |  |
| Type of army | |
| Years of service | 1793-1795, 1808-1823 |
| Rank | captain general |
| Battles / wars | Iberian Wars The Spanish Revolution of 1820-1823 : |
| Autograph | |
Content
Biography
Juan Martin Diaz was born on September 5, 1775 in the village of Castrillo de Duero , Valladolid province in a wealthy peasant family. He dreamed of a military career from a young age. In 1793-1795 he participated in the war against revolutionary France.
In 1796, Diaz married Catalina de la Fuente and settled in the town of Fuentesen in the province of Burgos. Until 1808, he was engaged in agriculture, mainly viticulture .
The fight against the French invaders in 1808-1814
In 1808, Diaz killed a French soldier who raped a resident of Fuentesen. Soon he organized an armed detachment from his friends and relatives. He participated in the battles of Cabeson (June 12) and the Medina de Rioseco (July 14). After the defeat of the Spaniards in these battles, Diaz decided to switch to guerrilla tactics . During the second half of 1808, Diaz led successful partisan operations in Aranda de Duero , Sepulveda , Pedras and throughout the Duero River basin .
In 1809, Juan Martin Diaz was promoted to captain. Then he carried out successful partisan raids through the Sierra de Gredos mountains in the vicinity of the cities of Avila and Salamanca , as well as in the provinces of Cuenca and Guadalajara .
The damage caused by the Empesinado partisans of the French army was quite significant. General (father of writer Victor Hugo) was entrusted with the task of destroying or capturing Diaz. Hugo ordered the arrest of Diaz's relatives, including her mother, as hostages. In response, Diaz threatened to execute a hundred French prisoners. Soon his relatives were released.
In 1810, Diaz was unsuccessfully besieged by the French in a castle in the vicinity of Ciudad Rodrigo . In 1811, under the command of Diaz, there were already 6 thousand hussars .
In 1813, Diaz participated in the defense of Alcalá de Henares and in the battles at the Zouleme bridge on the Henares River, where his troops defeated the French, twice their strength.
In 1814, Diaz and his family were granted the nobility, and he himself received the right to officially bear the nickname Empesinado [1] .
Participation in the Revolution of 1820-1823 and death
Valladolid was exiled to King Ferdinand VII for the restoration of the Cortes and the 1812 Constitution .
In 1820, Diaz supported the revolution organized by Raphael Riega , and participated in battles against the royal troops. Soon he was appointed military governor of Zamora and promoted to captain general . In 1822, Diaz suppressed the royalist rebellions in northern Spain.
In 1823, he fought against the French invaders , but after it became clear that resistance was pointless, Diaz and his supporters fled to Portugal . However, after an amnesty declared by the king, he decided to return to his homeland. But at the border, Diaz was arrested by the royalists and sent to prison.
Dyaz, imprisoned in a cage, was taken several times to the square of the city of Roa , where a crowd showered him with insults and threw stones at him.
Juan Martin Diaz was hanged on August 20, 1825. [2]
There is information in Russian that at the place of execution Diaz fought with the executioner and was stabbed with bayonets of soldiers [3] [4] .
In art
Porter Juan Martin Diaz was painted by Francisco Goya .
About the participation of Diaz in the revolution of 1820-1823 tells the novel of the Spanish writer Benito Perez Galdosa Juan Martín el Empecinado from the series " National Episodes ".
Diaz’s character appears in the first episode of the Spanish science fiction series Ministry of Time .
Literature
- Frederick Hardman El Empecinado visto por un inglés . Madrid: Editorial Espasa y Calpe, 1973, sexta edición. ISBN 84-239-0360-5 .
- Ignacio Merino Por el Empecinado y la libertad . Madrid: Maeva Ediciones, 2003. ISBN 84-95354-91.
Notes
- ↑ Josep Fontana i Làzaro (2006). De en medio del tiempo. Crítica. p. 184.
- ↑ Lazo, Sebastián. Memorias del Alcalde de Roa, Don Gregorio González Arranz. Espasa-Calpe, SA Madrid, 1835, pág. 53-55.
- ↑ Empesinado
- ↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia (second edition). Volume 49. Page 32. - 1957