Clever Geek Handbook
📜 ⬆️ ⬇️

Karabakh

Karabakh ( Azeri. Qarabağ , Armenian Ղարաբաղ ) is a historical-geographical region in Eastern Transcaucasia , consisting of Karabakh Plain and Nagorno-Karabakh .

In the XVI - mid XVIII centuries - Beglarbekism (province) of the Safavid Empire , where the lowlands and foothills were part of the Muslim Khanate, and the highlands of the Armenian minorities [1] ; in the middle of the 18th - early 19th centuries, the Karabakh khanate existed here; from 1805 - as part of the Russian Empire ; in Soviet times - as part of the Azerbaijan SSR . Currently, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Since the beginning of the 1990s, a significant part of the territory has been de facto controlled by the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic .

Content

Etymology

The name Karabakh is etymologically derived from the Turkic [2] [3] "Kara" - black, and Persian [3] [4] [5] "bang" - garden. Since the XIV century, from the Mongolian period, this name is usually denoted the southern part of Arran [6] .

Historical essay

 
Ethnic map of the Caucasus in the 5th — 4th centuries BC. er The map is based on the testimony of ancient authors and archaeological assumptions. Unpainted areas due to insufficient knowledge of these areas
 
Great Armenia in the I-IV cc., On an insert map to Volume II of the “World History” (Moscow, 1956) (The lands of Great Armenia are shaded and separated from it to neighboring states after the division in 387 )

Karabakh covers the territory stretching from the Lesser Caucasus Mountains to the plains at the confluence of the Kura and Araks. It is divided into Flat Karabakh and Nagorno Karabakh . The indigenous people of the region were various Caucasian tribes. Historians believe that with the highest power of the Persians, the Caucasian tribes submitted to the Achaemenid satrap of the Medes. From the IV century BC. er the territory of Karabakh was part of the Armenian kingdom of Yervandidov [7] [8] . At the beginning of the II century BC. er the region was conquered by Great Armenia from the Atropatena's Media and began to make up two of its provinces: Artsakh (upland) and Utik (plain) [9] . Since then, for nearly 600 years, until the 390s n. er the territory was located within the borders of the Armenian state of Great Armenia , the northeastern border of which, according to the testimony of Greek-Roman and ancient Armenian historians and geographers, passed along the Kura River [10] . After the fall of Great Armenia, these provinces moved to the multi-ethnic state of Caucasian Albania from vassal from Persia [11] [9] [12] [13] . Later, already in the middle of the 5th century, its capital was transferred to Plain Karabakh in the newly founded city of Partav ( Barda ).

In the period of a long stay in Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh was armenized [14] . This process began in ancient times and ended in the early Middle Ages - by the VIII — IX centuries. Already in 700, the presence of the Artsakh (Karabakh) dialect of the Armenian language was reported [15] . Thus, Armenians lived in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] and the mountainous part of Utik [18] [22] . The 10th century Arab author , Istahri, reports on the ethnic composition of the region of Nagorno-Karabakh:

 "... for the Berd'a and Shamkur people from the Armenian tribe ..." "The path from Berd'a to Dabil goes through the lands of the Armenians, and all these cities in the kingdom of Sanbat, son of Ashut" [23] 


At the beginning of the 9th century, under the leadership of the Armenian prince Sakhl Smbatyan (Sahl ibn Sunbat al-Armani [24] ), called Movs Kagankatvatsi “ Sahl from the Hayk family ” [25] , the Armenian feudal principality of Khachen was formed on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. At the end of the 9th century, the region is part of the restored Armenian kingdom . Khachen principality existed until the end of the XVI century , becoming one of the last remnants of the Armenian national-state system after the loss of independence. From the beginning of the 13th century , the Armenian princely dynasties of Hasan-Jalalian and Dopian , branches of Sahl Smbatyan's descendants, ruled here. As the authors of the academic “History of the East” note, in the 12th and 13th centuries, the Armenian-populated [26] [27] Nagorno-Karabakh becomes one of the centers of Armenian culture [27] .

The first European to be in Karabakh becomes the German Johann Schiltberger [28] . He wrote about 1420:

 Upon the death of Tamerlane , I got to his son, who owned two kingdoms in Armenia. This son, named Shah-Roh , used to spend the winter on a large plain called Karabag and distinguished by good pastures. It is irrigated by the Kur River, also called the Tigris, and the best silk is gathered near the banks of this river. Although this plain lies in Armenia, it nevertheless belongs to the pagans. Armenians also live in villages, but they are forced to pay tribute to the pagans. Armenians have always treated me well, because I was German, and they are generally very much in favor of the Germans, (nimitz), as they call us. They taught me their language and handed me their Pater Noster . [29] [30] 

The 15th century Armenian historian Thomas Metsopetsi also writes about the Karabakh wintering of Shakhrukh [31] . After the Mongol conquests, nomadic Turkic tribes settled in Plains Karabakh . As a result, the population of the flat part of Karabakh was Muslimized and Turkic, while the Armenian principality of Khachen continued to exist in the mountainous part, which later split into five Armenian principalities (Khachen, Dizak, Varanda, Jraberd and Gulistan) that remained until the end of the XVIII century and ruled their own princes - meliks of Hamsa . Hams becomes the last center of the Armenian national-state structure [32] . In the document of the 18th century, Hamsa / Karabakh is referred to as “a single remnant of ancient Armenia that preserved its independence through many centuries ” [33] .

 
Coin minted by Karabakh khan Panah Ali in 1787
 Karabag is a country lying between the left bank of the Araks and the right river Kura, above the Mugan field, in the mountains. Its main inhabitants are the Armenians, inherited by hereditary 5 by their meliks or natural princes, according to the number of signals of canton silt: 1 - Charapert, 2 - Igermadar, 3 - Duzakh, 4 - Varand, 5 - Khachen. Everyone can put up to 1 ton. Military man. These meliks, on the establishment of Nadir, depended directly on the Shah, and the local government had their Catholicos (or titular patriarch, supplied from the main whole of Armenia, Patriarch Echmiadzinsky), who has the adjective title of Aghvan, which was more ancient than Armenia. Document, 1740s [34] 

At the time of the Safavids ( 1502 - 1722 ), Karabakh was a special Beglarbek , the upland part of which remained in the hands of the Armenian rulers, and the lowlands and foothills were part of the Muslim khanates [1] . In 1736, Nadir Shah , who came to power in Persia, from the Afsharid dynasty , separates the lands of the five Armenian melikages of Nagorno-Karabakh , the nomadic tribes of the Mil-Karabakh steppe, and Zangezur from the Ganja (Karabakh) goblard, and subordinates them directly to Shah's power [35] [36] . In 1747, the Karabakh Khanate was formed in the Plain Karabakh, which, for the first time in history [1] [37] , established power over the predominantly Armenian-populated [38] Nagorny Karabakh. Initially it was under Persian, since 1805 - under Russian sovereignty. The Khanate was occupied by Russian troops during the Russian-Persian war and taken into Russian citizenship by a treatise on May 14, 1805 [39] :

 
Khanate of the Caucasus and Iranian Azerbaijan , XVIII - early XIX centuries. [40]

V. A. Potto noted:

 Among the debris of the once great Armenian kingdom of Karabakh, which belonged to the Persians, one retained, as monuments of past greatness, those ancestral lands of the Armenian Melik *, which occupied the whole space from Araks to the Kurak river, 20 versts from Ganji, the current Elizavetpol. In Artsakh, or in Lower Karabakh, these tribal inheritances were: Dizak, Varanda, Khachen, Charopert ** and Gulistan, which actually constituted the Karabakh possession, as old Russian acts mention. The mountainous part of Karabakh, Syunik or Zangezur, contained only one significant melikhestvo - Kashtakh, surrounded by the lands of other smaller Armenian possessions, and the part adjacent to Araks itself was predominantly inhabited by Tatar nomads. Among the destruction and general pogrom of the Armenian kingdom, the rulers of these districts, meliks, alone managed to preserve the ancient inheritance rights and even retain in the country almost to the very beginning of the XIX century the political system that had developed here since the times of the Persian kings of the Safavids. As vassals of Persia, they were asserted in their hereditary rights by the Persian shahs and paid tribute to them, but they retained political independence in the internal management of their lands, had their own court and reprisals, their fortified castles and even their own guards who protected the region from Lezgins and Turks [ 41] . 

After liquidation, the Khanate was transformed into the Karabakh province with military control (from 1846 as part of the Shemakhi (then Baku ) province, from 1868 - the Elizavetpolsky province ), which was divided into districts: Shusha, Djebrail, Dzhevanshir and Zangezur (now in Armenia); Zangezur is not geographically related to Karabakh). In 1828, 700 Armenian families were resettled to Karabakh, mainly to Plain Karabakh - to the ruins of Barda ; while 300 families returned back, and a significant part of the remaining died from the plague epidemic [42] .

 
The coat of arms of Shushi is a vowel for Karabakh: a Karabakh horse is depicted . 1843

In the XVIII — XIX centuries Karabakh was famous for a special breed of race horses, which was called “Karabakh”.

Since 1918, flat Karabakh as part of the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , Nagorny was a disputed territory and an arena of fierce clashes between Azerbaijanis and Armenians until 1920 , when it was occupied by the Red Army. By the decision of the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) Of July 5, 1921, the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh with 94% Armenian population [43] [44] [45] [46] was incorporated into the Azerbaijan SSR with wide regional autonomy [47] - see NKAO .

Karabakh conflict

Since the second half of 1987, the movement for the transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR [48] [49] has intensified in the NKAR and Armenia. In September-October 1987, a conflict arose in the Armenian village of Chardakhly of the Shamkhor District, between the First Secretary of the Shamkhor District Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, M. Asadov, and local residents [50] [51] [52] . In November 1987, as a result of inter-ethnic clashes, Azerbaijanis, who lived compactly in the Kafan and Megri regions of the Armenian SSR, left for Azerbaijan. In his book, Tomas de Waal cites evidence of an Armenian Svetlana Pashayeva and an Azerbaijani Arif Yunusov about Azerbaijani refugees from Armenia who arrived in Baku in November 1987 and January 1988. Pashayeva says she saw two freight cars in which refugees arrived, including old people and children [51] [53] . On February 20, 1988, the session of the people's deputies of the NKAR accepts the request to attach the NKAR to the Armenian SSR. On February 22, a clash took place between Askeran and Armenians, which led to the death of two people. On February 26, a numerous rally (almost half a million people) takes place in Yerevan demanding the annexation of Nagorny Karabakh Autonomous Region to Armenia. On February 27, the Soviet authorities announced on central television that the victims of Askeran were Azeris (one was shot dead by an Azerbaijani police officer). From February 27 to February 29, 1988, an Armenian pogrom broke out in the city of Sumgait , accompanied by mass violence against the Armenian population, looting, murder, arson and destruction of property, as a result of which a significant part of the local Armenian population suffered, 26 Armenians and 6 Azerbaijanis. During 1988, inter-ethnic clashes between the local Azerbaijani and Armenian populations took place in Nagorno-Karabakh , leading to the expulsion of civilians from their places of permanent residence.

The prevailing plight forced the Soviet government to declare a state of emergency on the territory of the region. To maintain order, units of the Dzerzhinsky division , airborne troops , and militia were deployed. A curfew was imposed in the settlements of the NKAR.

Karabakh war

In 1991, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) was proclaimed in the territory of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region and some adjacent Armenian-populated regions. During the Karabakh war of 1991-1994 between Azerbaijan and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Azerbaijanis established control over the territory of the former Shahumian region of the Azerbaijan SSR , which was formerly mainly inhabited by Armenians, and Armenians over the territory of the former NKAO and some adjacent to it, and earlier, mainly Azerbaijanis. and Kurdish areas.

Cultural Monuments

  •  

    Dadivank Monastery,
    IX - XIII century

  •  

    Monastery Gandzasar ,
    1216 - 1238 years

  •  

    Monastery Erek Mankunk ,
    1691

  •  

    Monastery Gtchavank,
    XIII century

  •  

    Fortress Andaberd ,
    IX century

  •  

    Askeran fortress ,
    XVIII century

  •  

    Shusha fortress ,
    XVIII century

  •  

    Upper mosque of the 18th century Gavkhar-Aga in 2010

  •  

    Lower mosque of the 19th century Gavkhar-Agi in 2006

see also

  • Nagorno-Karabakh
  • Plain Karabakh
  • Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
  • Karabakh war
  • Artsakh
  • Utik
  • Khachen principality
  • Karabakh Khanate

Notes

  1. 2 1 2 3 V. Shnirelman. Wars of Memory: Myths, Identity, and Politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Academkniga, 2003. - p. 199. - 592 p. - 2000 copies - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
    Original text (rus.)
    During the Persian dynasty of Safavid Karabakh was one of the provinces (Beglarbek), where the lowlands and foothills were part of the Muslim Khanate, and the mountains remained in the hands of the Armenian rulers. The system of melikdoms finally took shape in Nagorno-Karabakh during the rule of Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) in Persia. Then the Persian authorities, on the one hand, encouraged Armenian meliks to take active measures against the Ottoman Empire, and on the other, tried to weaken them, separating them from the main Armenian territories by resettling Kurdish tribes to the region located between Artsakh and Syunik. Nevertheless, in the 17th — 18th centuries, the five Armenian melikdoms of Karabakh constituted a force with which their powerful neighbors had to reckon. It is these mountain areas that became the center where the idea of ​​the Armenian revival and the formation of an independent Armenian state arose. However, the struggle for power in one of the melikdoms led to civil strife, in which the neighboring nomadic tribe of Sarydzhaly intervened to their advantage, and in the middle of the 18th century, the power in Karabakh went to the Turkic khan for the first time in its history.
  2. ↑ Unrecognized states of the Caucasus: the origins of the problem Archival copy of May 20, 2010 on the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ 1 2 History of the East. Chapter V Between the Mongols and the Portuguese (Asia and North Africa in the XIV-XV centuries). Transcaucasia in the 11th — 15th centuries.
  4. ↑ Leonidas Themistocles Chrysanthopoulos. Caucasus chronicles: nation-building and diplomacy in Armenia, 1993-1994, 2002, p. eight:
    Original Text (Eng.)
    Gharabagh or Karabagh (kara in Turkish).
  5. ↑ BBC News - Nagorno-Karabakh profile - Overview:
    Original Text (Eng.)
    Karabakh is a word for Turkic and Persian origin meaning "black garden", while "Nagorno-" is a Russian word meaning "mountain-". Armenians prefer to call the region Artsakh, an ancient Armenian name for the area.
  6. ↑ Academician V.V. Barthold. Works / Editor-in-chief of the volume A. Belenitsky. - M .: Science, 1965. - T. III. - p. 335. - 712 s.
  7. ↑ Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: A Historical Atlas . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 33, map 19 (the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh is shown as part of the Armenian kingdom of Yervandidy (IV-II centuries. BC).)
  8. ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, Book 1. Page. 510:
    Original Text (Eng.)
    During the Seleucid period, Armenia became divided into several independent kingdoms and principalities. This classification is taken into account. It’s the most important region, of course, was Greater Armenia, the east of the lake, the Karabagh , and even the southern marches of Georgia.
  9. ↑ 1 2 Anania Shirakatsi. Armenian Geography
  10. ↑
    • Essays on the history of the USSR: Primitive communal system and the most ancient states on the territory of the USSR. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956, p. 615
    • A. P. Novoseltsev. On the issue of the political border of Armenia and Caucasian Albania in the ancient period
    • S.V. Yushkov. To the question of the borders of ancient Albania. Historical notes, № I, M. 1937, p. 129-148
    • Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft . Erster Band. Stuttgart 1894. p. 1303
    • Yanovsky A. On the ancient Caucasian Albania // Journal of the Minister. national education, 1846. h. 52. p. 97
    • Marquart J. Eranlahr nach der Geogrphle des Ps.Moses Xorenac'i. In: Abhandlungen der koniglichen Geselsch. der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Philologisch-hisiorische Klasse. Neue Folge B.ffl, No 2, Berlin, 1901, S 358
    • B. A. Dorn . “Caspian. On the campaigns of the ancient Russians in Tabaristan "(" Notes of the Academy of Sciences "1875, Vol. XXVI, Appendix 1, p. 187)
    • Karabakh // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
    • Claudius Ptolemy . Geography, 5, 12; Pliny the Elder . Prince VI, 28-29, 39; Dion Cassius (II — III centuries), "Roman History", book. XXXVI, ch. 54.1; Prince XXXVI, ch. 54, 4, 5; Prince Xxxvii, ch. 2, 3, 4; Prince XXXVI, ch. 53, 5; 54, 1; Appian (I — II centuries), “Roman History”, Mithridatov Wars, 103; Plutarch (I — II centuries), “Comparative biographies”, Pompey, Ch. 34-35; Movses Khorenatsi, Vol. II, ch. 8, 65 ; “Armenian Geography of the 7th Century AD (ascribed before to Moses Khorensky)”, St. Petersburg, 1877 ; Favst Buzand , "History of Armenia", book. III, ch. 7; Prince V, ch. 13; Agatangelos , “The Life and History of St. Gregory”, 28, “The saving address of the country of our Armenia through a holy martyr husband”, 795 CXII, Justin , XLII, 2.9; Pliny , VI, 37; 27; Stephen of Byzantine , sv Ο τ η ν ή, Ω β α ρ η ο ί
  11. ↑ World History. Encyclopedia. Volume 3, ch. VIII:
    Original text (rus.)
    The internal structure of the Transcaucasian countries remained unchanged until the middle of the 5th century, despite the fact that as a result of the treaty of 387, Armenia was divided between Iran and Rome, Lazika was recognized as the sphere of influence of Rome, and Kartli and Albania were to submit to Iran.
  12. ↑ History of the ancient world, M., 1989, vol. 3, p. 286
  13. ↑ World History, M., vol. 2, p. 769, and the insert map of Transcaucasia in the 1st — 4th centuries. n er
  14. ↑ A.P. Novoseltsev. On the issue of the political border of Armenia and Caucasian Albania in the ancient period
  15. ↑ N. Adonts. Dionysius the Thracian and Armenian interpreters. - Pg. , 1915. - pp. 181-219.
  16. ↑ "History of the East", the Transcaucasian in the 4th — 11th centuries
  17. ↑ Shnirelman V. A. War of Memory: Myths, Identity, and Politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Academkniga, 2003. - 592 p. - 2000 copies - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
  18. ↑ 1 2 K.W. Trever. Essays on the history and culture of Caucasian Albania IV. BC er - VII V.N. E. (sources and literature). Edition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, M.-L., 1959
  19. История "History of the East", Transcaucasia in the XI-XV centuries.
  20. ↑ B. A. Rybakov . Essays on the history of the USSR. The crisis of the slave system and the emergence of the system of feudalism in the territory of the USSR of the 3rd — 9th centuries. M., 1958, pp. 303-313
  21. ↑ Tom de Waal. "Black Garden". Chapter 10. Urekavank. Unpredictable past
  22. ↑ B. A. Rybakov . The crisis of the slave system and the emergence of feudalism in the USSR. Essays on the history of the USSR. M., 1958, pp. 303-313
  23. ↑ Karaulov N. A. Information of Arab writers of the X and XI centuries by R. Chr. about the Caucasus, Armenia and Aderbeydzhane.
  24. Per.: Armenian Sahl son of Smbat. See Abu-l-Hasan 'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn' Ali al-Masudi. Gold mines and placers of semi-precious stones (History of the Abbasid dynasty of 749-947). M., 2002, p. 262 (cf. also note, 52)
  25. ↑ Kagankatvatsi, kN. III, ch. XXIII
  26. ↑ Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the XVI - early XIX centuries. - L. , 1949. - P. 28 .:
    Original text (rus.)
    Hassan-Jalalyan was descended from a noble Armenian surname of the hereditary meliks of Khachen district in the mountainous part of Karabag, inhabited by Armenians ; the ancestor of this family, Khasan-Jalal, was the prince of Khachen during the Mongol conquest, in the 13th century. Under the Kyzylbash sovereignty of Khasan-Jalalyan, the meliks of Khachen retain their position ...
  27. ↑ 1 2 Lev Gumilyov . “The History of the East” (East in the Middle Ages - from the 13th century AD). –M: “Oriental Literature”, 2002 - 6 tons. T. 2.
  28. ↑ Tom de Waal, Chapter 10. Urekavank. Unpredictable past (interview with R. Hugsen)
  29. ↑ “Ivan Schiltberger's journey through Europe, Asia and Africa”. Translation and notes by F. Bruna, Odessa, 1866, p. 110; Johannes Schiltberger, Als Sklave im Osmanischen Reich und bei den Tataren: 1394-1427 (Stuttgart: Thienemann Press, 1983), p. 209
  30. ↑ Johann Schiltberger. Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger . Translated by J. Buchan Telfer. Ayer Publishing, 1966. ISBN 0-8337-3489-X , 9780833734891, p 86
  31. ↑ ... he (Tamerlan), full of diabolical malice, forced [Bagrat] to renounce [the faith] and took [him] with him, went to Karabakh, to the wintering place of our former kings . See Thomas Metsopsky. The story of Timur-Lanka and his successors
  32. Ew Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of the Arc'ax" in Medieval Armenian Culture (University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies). Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone (eds.) Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1984, pp. 52-53
  33. ↑ Armenian-Russian relations in the 18th century . - Yer. , 1990. - T. IV. - p. 505. (AVPR, f. CPA, op. 100/3, 1797-1799 gg. 464, pp. 191-192. Copy)
  34. ↑ Materials for the New History of the Caucasus from 1722 to 1803 Year Archival copy of October 19, 2013 on the Wayback Machine . The toponym Aghvank was spread in the eastern territories of historical Armenia, in particular, in the territory of the ancient Artsakh region, but the name Albania / Arran in Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh was only a toponym without any ethnic indication. See A. L. Jacobson, From the History of Armenian Medieval Architecture (Gandzasar Monastery), p. 447
  35. ↑ V.N. Leviatov, "Essays from the history of Azerbaijan in the XVIII century" pp. 82-83:
    Original text (rus.)
    Not wanting to betray them to public execution, he carried out a series of measures aimed at weakening the Ganja runaways. To this end, the population of Kazakh and Borchaly was transferred to the submission to the emirs of Georgia; parts of the Djevanshir, Otuz Iki and Kebirli tribes were evicted from the Karabakh vilayet, they were resettled in Khorasan; The five meliks of Karabakh were ordered to unite into a strong fist and not to obey the Ganja khans, and in the necessary matters turn directly to Nadir Shah himself.
  36. ↑ Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the XVI - early XIX centuries. - L. , 1949. - p. 65 .:
    Original text (rus.)
    Nadir Shah found it necessary to weaken the surname of Ziyad oglu, separating the land of the five meliks of Nagorno-Karabag and the nomadic tribes of the Mil-Karabag steppe, as well as Zangezur from her possessions. All these lands were subordinated directly to the brother of Nadir Shah Ibrahim Khan, the sipahsalar of Azerbaijan, and the possessions of the nomad tribes of the Kazakhs and the Shamsaddinlu were subordinated to the king (valyu) of Kartli Teimuraz.
  37. ↑ Michael P. Croissant, The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications, p.11:
    Original Text (Eng.)
    It is important to disunion among the five countries in the mountainous Karabakh by a Turkic tribe around 1750.
  38. ↑ Richard G. Hovannisian. From the 15th century to the twentieth century , Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.96:
    Original Text (Eng.)
    The Armenians of Ganja had also been reduced to a minority. The majority of the
  39. ↑ Acts collected by the Caucasian Archeographical Commission. Volume II. Tiflis 1868, p. 705 .:
    Original text (rus.)
    IN THE NAME OF ALL-POSSIBLE GOD We, that is, Ibrahim-khan of Shusha and Karabakh and the All-Russian troops from Infantry General, Caucasian Infantry Inspection, inspector and so on Prince Pavel Tsitsianov in full urine and power given to me by His Imperial Majesty, the all-merciful of my great Sovereign Imprerat Alexander Pavlovich, proceeded with the help of God to the matter of joining Ibrahim Khan of Shushinsky and Karabakh with all his family, offspring and possessions in the eternal citizenship of the All-Russian Empire.
  40. ↑ Muriel Atkin, Russia and Iran, 1780–1828. 2nd. ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Press, 2008, ISBN 0-521-58336-5
    Original Text (Eng.)
    It was rasmaturinous times when he went to travel. East and West Azerbaijan.
  41. ↑ Potto V. A. The first volunteers of Karabakh in the era of the establishment of Russian sovereignty
  42. "The colonial policy of the Russian Tsarism in Azerbaijan in the 20-60s. XIX century. "Part I, USSR Academy of Sciences, M.-L., 1936, p. 201, 204
  43. ↑ Results of the agricultural census in Azerbaijan, edition of the Central Statistical Bureau of Azerbaijan, Baku, 1924
  44. ↑ Avdeev MN The number and national-tribal composition of the rural population of Azerbaijan. According to the agricultural census of 1921, Proceedings of the Central Statistical Bureau of Azerbaijan, No. 2 (4), Baku, 1922
  45. Б Baku Worker, 26. 11. 1924
  46. ↑ V. Hudadova, "New East", M., 1923, Vol. 3., p. 525—527
  47. ↑ Resolution of the Bureau of July 4, 1921. TsPA IML, f. 85, op. 18, d. 58, l. 17. Resolution of July 5: CPA IML, f. 85, op. 18, d. 58, l. 18. / / Nagorny Karabakh in the years 1918-1923. Collection of documents and materials. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia. Yerevan, 1991, pp. 649-650.
  48. ↑ Michael P. Croissant. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications
    Original Text (Eng.)
    In the latter, the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh have been given a vote.
  49. ↑ Tom de Waal. Black garden
    Original text (rus.)
    In 1987, a living flame gradually erupted from the smoldering movement of Karabakh Armenians. Activists toured collective farms and factories in Nagorno-Karabakh, collecting signatures for the document, which they called the “referendum” on reunification with Armenia. The campaign to collect signatures was completed by the summer of 1987, and in August a huge petition - ten volumes with more than 75 thousand signatures from Armenia and Karabakh - was sent to Moscow
  50. ↑ Contested borders in the Caucasus. Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988–1994, Chapter 1, by Alexei Zverev
  51. ↑ 1 2 BBC. Karabakh: conflict chronology
  52. Сель Rural Life, December 24, 1987
  53. ↑ Tom de Waal. "Black Garden"

Links

  • The Caucasus Territory // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karabah&oldid=93727708


More articles:

  • EdDSA
  • Cycling Parade
  • Cuvage
  • Willy Adler
  • Services-Yanishevo
  • Boboev, Yulchi
  • Band-Maid
  • Battle of Landis Lane
  • Liber feudorum Ceritaniae
  • Gepuk

All articles

Clever Geek | 2019