The anal stage is the second stage of psychosexual development according to Z. Freud , which begins, starting from the age of 18 months , and ends by three years. Due to the fact that there comes a period when the child needs to be taught to be neat and tidy, he switches his attention from the mouth, lips and tongue, which were the sexual goal of the oral stage , to the anus . Depending on what methods the parents used to accustom the child to the toilet, one or another influence will be made on the development of his personality at a later age.
Content
Description
Getting pleasure through satisfying food needs is replaced by pleasure, which is associated with the excretory system. A feeling of relief comes to the fore, which replaces a sense of tension. The child is faced with the principle of reality, which is presented in the form of a social barrier, which consists in the arbitrary regulation of physiological needs. The parent becomes the representative of social norms, as it requires the child to independently control the act of defecation. Thus, the child learns to adapt to social norms by regulating the requirements of the Eid , which is subject to the principle of pleasure.
The anal stage is divided into two phases [1] :
- Anal-sadistic phase (age: 1 - 1.5 years). This stage is that the child enters into a confrontation with an adult. Getting pleasure from tension and pain can affect the appearance and development of sadomasochistic tendencies .
- Anal retentive phase (age: 1.5 - 3 years). The main sign of this stage is that the child first begins to correlate the principle of pleasure with the principle of reality. A person gains control over society in the form of retention (hence the name of the phase from the English retention - “retention”). The ego of the child begins to fulfill the function of regulating the interaction of the child and the outside world, balancing between reality and pleasure. The child tests reality by exploring different options to meet his needs.
If the libido is fixed on a specific sexual target, in this case, on the anus, one of two types of character can form: anal-retaining and anal-expelling. The anal-retaining type is characterized by perseverance, stubbornness, frugality, a penchant for hoarding, thriftiness and collecting. Anal-pushing implies a tendency to confrontation, stubbornness, negativity. As a result of fixation, enuresis can also occur or features related to the manifestation of masochism - the pleasure of punishment - may appear.
Parent Role
Since there is no biological need to regulate your excretory system, mastery of these skills is formed on the basis of compliance with the requirements of parents, which means society. Therefore, the ability of children to function successfully at this stage for the most part depends on the parents and their approach. According to Freud's psychosexual theory, parents must be very careful in how they react to their children at this sensitive stage. Here, children test their parents as authoritative figures, test their love. The reaction of the parents to the degree of neatness and cleanliness of the child affects the development of his personality, for example, by forming certain unconscious barriers.
Notes
- ↑ Abraham, K. (1924). Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Libido auf Grund der Psychoanalyse seelischer Störungen. Leipzig [etc.]: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.
See also
- Libido
- Genital stage
- Psychosexual development
Literature
- Freud, Z. Introduction to psychoanalysis. - 2009 .-- 416 p. - ISBN 978-5-9985-0453-2 .
- Obukhova L. F. Age psychology: a textbook for university students / - Moscow: Higher education: Moscow State Pedagogical University, 2007. - 460 p. - ISBN 5-9692-0128-6 (594051-028-0).
- Karabanova O. A. Age psychology. M .: Iris-press, 2005 .-- 238 p. - (Series "Higher Education"). ISBN 5-8112-1353-0 .