Telekia

Illustration from the Curtis Botanical Journal (1836)

Perennial herb with a thick oblique rhizome . The stems are usually single, up to 1 cm thick at the base, 50-100 cm (sometimes up to 200 cm ) tall, cylindrical, longitudinally banded, in the lower part with curly pubescence, in the upper part with numerous thick glands. In the upper part, the stems branch, the branches carry flower baskets ^{[2] [3]} .

The leaves are alternately arranged along the stem, along the edge are incorrectly serrated and serrated, the upper surface of the plate and petiole is almost bare or with diffuse pubescence, the edge and lower surface of the leaf and petiole with sparse glandular pubescence mixed with simple hairs. Basal leaves 15-25 × 10-15 cm (sometimes up to 30 cm long and 5-17 cm wide), ovate to broadly or rhombic, usually with a deep heart-shaped, less often with a rounded base, with a sharp apex, on petioles 11– 20 cm with narrow wings. The middle stem leaves are smaller - 15-20 × 8-15 cm , broadly ovate, with a heart-shaped base, pointed; their petioles are also shorter - 1.5-5 cm long, somewhat widened at the base. The upper leaves are even smaller - 10–20 × 6–12 cm , ovate to ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, with a rounded or somewhat stem-bearing base, sessile, with an elongated islet apex. Bracts 3-8 × 1-2.5 cm , lanceolate, gradually turning into the outer leaves of the wrapper ^{[2] [3]} .

Baskets with tubular median and false-lingual marginal flowers , 2–8 on one stem in a common racemose or corymbose inflorescence , rarely solitary, on axillary peduncles 5–25 cm long, somewhat swollen under the baskets. Wrap 2-2.5 cm (sometimes up to 4 cm ) in diameter, with leaflets overlapping in a tile pattern in 5-10 rows. The outer leaflets of the wrapper are leafy, whole-edge or barely jagged, up to 3.5 cm long and up to 15 mm wide, unequal, with an island top on the outside and along the edges with small glands; the longest of them can almost reach the length of the marginal flowers. Leaflets of the following rows of wrappers 10-15 mm long and 2-8 mm wide, lanceolate, less sharp, scaly, brown in the lower part, and green closer to the apex. Leaflets of middle rows broadly ovate, with blunt or blunt apex, scaly, brown. The inner leaflets of the wrapper are narrow-toothed, almost filmy, with short irregular dentate along the edges, bare or almost bare. The receptacle is convex, scaly, naked; flakes shorter than flowers, linear, cartilaginous, sharp, with fine-toothed margin ^{[2] [3] [4]} .

Corolla of pistillary marginal false-lingual flowers 3-4 cm long, with a narrow long golden yellow tongue , three times the length of the wrapper (except for its outer row of leafy leaves), with a tube 1-1.5 mm in diameter, expanding upwards five-veined, ending with five teeth, outside covered with very small glands. The column protrudes slightly from the tube ^[2] .

The tubular flowers of the basket are bisexual, with a corolla 5-7 mm long, 1 mm across, slightly bent along the edge, finely irony from the outside, especially in the upper part. Corolla almost equal in length to column and stamens. Anthers nests in base with elongated appendage, on top with long beard. A column with long linear branches, rounded at the top ^[2] .

Fruits — achenes 3–3.7 × 0.3–0.8 mm (with a crown up to 4–6 mm long), almost bare, with longitudinal ribs, at the apex with a barely noticeable tuft in the form of a very short, finely toothed crown; their surface is matte, yellow-brown. Achenes of marginal flowers are valky-trihedral, in the middle flowers - valky-tetrahedral ^{[2] [4] [5]} .

It is found along the edges of mountain forests, along river banks, along forest streams, and in other wet places ^[2] .

The initial habitat of the plant is the Southeastern Alps , the Carpathians , the Balkan Peninsula , Asia Minor and the Caucasus . Currently, the species is also widely distributed in the east of Central Europe , in many regions of Eastern Europe ^{[2] [6]} .

In Europe, telecium is found on soils of moderate and increased moisture, distinguished by acidity from weakly acidic to slightly alkaline. It occurs in communities of floodplain mountain and piedmont meadows with the domination of butterbur - the union of Petasition hybridi Silliger 1933 , as well as floodplain ash-alder forests - the union of Alnion incanae Pawłowski et al. 1928 . It can be introduced into the nitrophilic communities of the forest edges of the Impatienti noli-tangere-Stachyion sylvaticae Görs ex Mucina 1993 union .

In the Red Book of Vascular Plants of Hungary (2007), the species is classified as “ endangered species ” ( EN , V ) ^[7] . In the Red Book, the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013) is referred to as “ vulnerable species ” ( VU ) ^[8] .

In the Moscow region, the plant was first discovered feverish in 1869 by P.P. Melgunov in Sviblov . It was also collected by V. I. Palladin in 1884 and later ^{[9] [6]} . It was indicated for the Tambov province by I. Weinman (1837) as growing "in humid places among shrubs ”, however, according to D. I. Litvinov , this indication should be attributed to Inula helenium L. ^[10] It is often grown in summer cottages, easily runs wild ^[6] .

The rust fungus Coleosporium tussilaginis ( Pers. ) Lév parasitizes on the leaves of the plant . (a separate species of Coleosporium telekiae Thüm. is sometimes described) in the uredinal stage; found in Central, Southern and Eastern Europe, on cultivated plants - also in Scandinavia ^[11] . Powdery mildew of Erysiphe cichoracearum DC can affect leaves . ^[12]

Plant aphids feed on plant shoots, for example, the monophage of the telephony Uroleucon telekiae (Holman) ^[13] . Leaves can feed on the larvae of the mining fly Phytomyza conyzae Hendel ^[14] .

Cultivation

The plant was introduced to culture in the UK in 1739 by Philip Miller ^{[15] [16]} .

Prefers sunny places, but tolerates shading well. Undemanding to the soil. Gives abundant self-seeding, easily transfers transplant. It can be propagated by seed or by rhizome division (spring or autumn). Plants grown from seeds bloom in the second or third year ^{[16] [17]} .

Used in large group plantings, grown in farm buildings, fences ^[17] . Cultivated telekii summer residents are often called "elecampane" ^[6].

Use and Phytochemistry

According to A. Kh. Rollov , in Chechnya, freshly torn telekii leaves were heated on fire and then applied to inflammations. In Imereti, boiled plant roots were used to treat tumors ^[18] .

The plant contains various terpenoids : helenins (alantolactone and isoalantolactone, in the underground and aboveground parts and fruits), telekin, isotelekin (in the underground and aboveground parts), asperilin (in the underground parts and fruits) and other mono- and sesquiterpenoids, as well as Cambrian (in the aboveground part). The plant also contains phytosterols β-sitosterol and stigmasterol , flavonoid 7-β-D-glucopyranoside luteolin, alkaloid 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine. The aerial parts contain palmitic , linoleic , oleic , caproic , arachidonic acids, δ-dodecalactone, ( Z ) -hexenylacetate, propyl tiglate, and geneikozanoic acid in inflorescences ^[19] .

Telekin and 6α-hydroxy-2,3-dihydroaromaticin showed prooxidant properties, positively affecting the activity of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase , glutathione reductase and catalase . Sesquiterpene lactones (total) showed antibacterial activity. The tincture of the underground part of the plant in the experiment showed protistocidal properties. The water-methanol extract of the aerial part of the plant has cytotoxic activity to HeLa , MCF-7 , A431 cells ^[19] .

The scientific name of the genus was given to him in honor of the Transylvanian count Samuel Teleki ( Hungarian. Teleki Sámuel ; 1739-1822), who patronized I. Baumgarten , a German botanist who established the independence of the genus ^[2] .

According to A. Kh. Rollov (1908), in the Caucasus by the Russian-speaking population, the plant is called a “crusher” or “heart-shaped consumable” ^[18] .

In the Russian-language literature of the 20th — 21st centuries, for the species, the names “beautiful teleca” ^{[2] [6]} , “beautiful teleca” ^{[20] are found} .

Beautiful telekia was first described by the German botanist Johann Christian von Schreber (1739-1810) in 1766 as part of the genus Buphthalmum . The classic locus ( locus classicus ) of the species is Cappadocia ^[2] .

In a separate genus Telekia, the species was isolated by the German botanist Johann Baumgarten (1756-1843), who was involved in the study of Transylvania flora.

Telekia Baumg. , Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 149 (1817).

Telekia speciosa ( Schreb. ) Baumg. , ibid. : 150. - Buphthalmum speciosum Schreb. , Icon. Desc. Pl. 11, tab. 6 (1766).

Baumgarten described the genus as follows:

132XCVI. Telekia

Tiling , leafy, double. Outer leaflets longer, almost equal, shaggy, small-banded, inner narrower, ovate, with a bent apex. Column protruding. The flowers are marginal reed, with 2 oblong bent stigmas ; median bisexual, with a bifid stigma . The receptacle is bristly, the setae are awl-shaped, straight. The crest is sedentary, feathery.

Original text (lat.)

Anthod [ium] imbricatum, foliaceum, duplici serie; squamis exterior [ibus] longioribus, subaequalibus, villosis, crenulatis; interior [ibus] brevioribus, ovatis, apice reflexis. Styl [us] exsertus. Flosc [uli] radiati ligulati. Stigm [ata] 2, oblonga, reflexa; centrales hermaphroditi. Stigm [ata] bifida. Rec [eptaculum] setosum, setis subulatis, strictis. Papp [us] sessilis, plumosus.

- Baumgarten JCG Enumeratio stirpium in magno principatu Transsilvaniae [...]. - Vindobonae : in Libraria Camesinae, 1816 [1817]. - P. 149-150.

Telekia belongs to the subtribe Inulinae of the Asteraceae family. Also included in this subtribe are such genera as Inula ( elecampane ), Carpesium ( carpezium ), Pulicaria ( flea ), and others ^[21] . Telephia morphologically resembles some types of elecampane - magnificent elecampane ( Inula magnifica Lipsky ), high elecampane ( Inula helenium L. ) ^[20] . This genus differs from elecampane with achenes with a crest in the form of a crown, scaly receptacle, and leaves (middle and lower) with a heart-shaped base ^[21] .

In 2018, an article was published in which, based on molecular phylogenetic data (namely, sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of nuclear DNA and three plastid spacers of chloroplast DNA), the proximity of Telekia speciosa to the type species Inula - Inula helenium L. , as well as the species Codonocephalum - Codonodephalum, is confirmed peacockianum aitch. & Hemsl. and Codonocephalum grande ( Schrenk ex Fisch. & CAMey. ) B. Fedtsch . - and Monactinocephalus - Monactinocephalus paniculata Klatt and Monactinocephalus shirensis ( Oliv. ) D. Gut. Larr. et al. Other species traditionally attributed to Inula (in particular, Inula britannica L. — British elecampane ) are closely related to this group and were transferred by the authors to the genus Pentanema ^[21] .

Synonyms

• Buphthalmum cordifolium Waldst. & Kit. , 1803
• Buphthalmum speciosum Schreb., 1766 basionym
• Corvisartia caucasica ( Pers. ) G. Don ex Loudon , 1830
• Inula caucasica Pers., 1807
• Inula macrophylla CCGmel. , 1811 , nom. superfl.
• Inula telekia EHLKrause , 1905 , nom. nov.
• Molpadia suaveolens cass . , 1824
• Telekia cordifolia (Waldst. & Kit.) DC. , 1836 , nom. illeg.
• Telekia ovata K.Koch , 1850

Other species previously attributed to the genus

The genus is monotypic ^[21] , the rest of the previously related species were subsequently transferred to other genera:

• Telekia africana Hook.f. , 1864 - in the XIX century, some authors belonged to Telekia , later transferred to the genus Anisopappus . In modern works, it is usually accepted as a subspecies of the polymorphic species Anisopappus chinensis Hook. & Arn. - as Anisopappus chinensis subsp. africanus (Hook.f.) S. Ortiz & Paiva . A plant widespread in Africa ^[22] .
• Telekia speciosissima ( L. ) Less. , 1832 - until the end of the 20th century, usually belonged to the genus Telekia , subsequently recognized as close to Buphthalmum . In modern works, it is usually distinguished from the latter genus as Buphthalmum speciosissimum L. , less commonly accepted as part of the independent genus Xerolekia as Xerolekia speciosissima (L.) Anderb. ^[23] Endemic to Northern Italy ( Lombardy , Trentino-Alto Adige ) ^[24] .

• Akhundov G.F. Genus 839. Telekia Baumg. - Television - Television // Flora of Azerbaijan / ed. I.I. Karyagin . - Baku: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, 1961. - T. 8. - P. 236.
• Golubkova V.F. Genus 1504. Telekia - Telekia Baumgart. // Flora of the USSR : in 30 t. / Started at hand. and under chap. ed. V. L. Komarova . - M .; L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1959. - T. 25 / ed. volumes B.K. Shishkin . - S. 510-512. - 630 s. - 2500 copies.
• Kuzmanov B. Genus 771 (20). Chernokos - Telekia Baumg. // Flora on the Republic of Bulgaria: [ bulg. ] / otgov. ed. D.R. Peev . - Sofia: “Prof. Marin Drinov ”, 2012. - T. 11. - S. 259-262. - ISBN 954-322-522-2 .
• Bojňanský, V .; Fargašová, A. Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: [ eng. ] . - Springer, 2007 .-- P. 141. - ISBN 1-4020-5361-4 .
• Hooker WJ (3466) Telekia speciosa. Large-flowered Telekia // : [ eng. ] . - 1836. - Vol. ten.