Simon Bradstreet ( Eng. Simon Bradstreet ; baptized March 18, 1603/4 [3] - March 27, 1697 ) - English colonial official, judge, merchant, diplomat, last (20th and 21st) governor of the colony of the Massachusetts Bay . Arriving in Massachusetts in 1630, he constantly participated in the political life of the colony, became its governor in 1679 . He consisted of diplomatic missions and served as agent for the crown in London, and was also a commissar at the Confederation of New England. In his views was relatively moderate, speaking in favor of freedom of speech and satisfaction of the requirements of King Charles II after his restoration to the throne.
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He was married to Anna , the daughter of the co-founder of the Massachusetts colony Thomas Dudley and the first poetess of New England. Invested in land and transport projects. Because of his old age (he died at the age of 93), Cotton Mather called him " Nestor of New England" [4] . His descendants include renowned lawyers Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and David Souter.
Content
Early years
Bradstreet was baptized on March 18, 1603/4 in Gorbling, Lincolnshire , and was the second of three sons Simon and Margaret Bradstreet. His father was the rector of the parish church and came from the small Irish nobility [5] . Influenced by his father, young Simon acquired his Puritan religious beliefs at an early age [6] . At the age of 16, Bradstreet entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He studied there for two years [7] , before setting off to serve in the county of Lincoln as an assistant to Thomas Dudley in 1622 . There is some uncertainty about whether Bradstreet returned to college in 1623-1624. According to the historian Venn, Bradstreet attended college at this time, receiving a master's degree [7] , but Robert Anderson believes that it was his namesake [8] .
Bradstreet took over Dudley's post when he temporarily moved to Boston in 1624 . On his return Dudley a few years later, Bradstreet served for a long time as the business manager of the widowed countess Warwick. In 1628 he married Dudley's daughter Anna when she was 16 years old [9] .
In 1628, Dudley and other supporters of the Earl of Lincoln formed the Massachusetts Bay company in order to create a colony of Puritans in North America [10] . In 1629, Bradstreet began to cooperate with the company, and in April 1630, he joined Dudley and John Winthrop and moved across the ocean to the bay of Massachusetts. There they founded Boston , the capital of the colony of the Massachusetts Bay [9] .
Massachusetts Bay Colony
After a brief stay in Boston, Bradstreet rebuilt his first residence in Newtown (later renamed Cambridge), next to Dudley [11] . In 1637, during a religious dispute in the colony, he was one of the magistrates who participated in the trial of Anne Hutchinson and voted to expel her from the colony [12] . In 1639 he was granted land in Salem, near the estate of John Endicott . Bradstreet lived there for some time [13] before becoming one of the founders of the Andover settlement in 1648 [9] . In 1666, his house in Andover was destroyed by fire, presumably due to the "maid inattention" [14] . Bradstreet had a variety of business interests, invested in land and participated in the organization of coastal trade [14] . In 1660, he acquired Atherton shares for the development of land holdings in the “country of Narragansett” (modern southern Rhode Island). He became one of the leading figures in the company, served on the management committee and published flyers advertising its lands [15] . By the time of his death, Bradstreet owned more than 1,500 acres (610 hectares) of land in five communities located throughout the colony [16] . It is known that he had two slaves, a woman named Hannah and her daughter Bill [17] .
Bradstreet was actively involved in colonial politics. When the Governor’s Council was established in Boston, he was elected as a colonial secretary; he worked in this position until 1644 [9] . He was politically moderate, opposed court decisions punishing people for speaking out against managing magistrates [18] . Bradstreet was also an opponent of hysteria, which struck the city of Salem, culminating in numerous Vedovsk processes in 1692 [18] .
Bradstreet for many years represented Massachusetts in the Confederation of New England, coordinating issues of common interest (mainly defense) of the colonies of New England [19] . He served in the governor’s council, but did not reach a higher position until 1678 , when he was first elected deputy governor under John Leverett. [20] Bradstreet opposed military action against the neighbors of the colony and against official intervention in the dispute in French Acadia in the 1640s, and also opposed the attack on New Holland during the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654) [21] .
Bradstreet was a member of a number of diplomatic missions. In 1650, he was sent to Hartford, Connecticut, where the Hartford Treaty was concluded, defining the border between the English colonies and New Amsterdam. In subsequent years, he made an agreement with the settlers in York and Kittery, to transfer them under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts [18] .
After the restoration of Charles II to the throne of England, the colonial authorities began to worry about the preservation of their rights in the colonies. Bradstreet in 1661 headed the legislative committee on "reviewing and discussing issues affecting the rights, privileges and duties of the colony to the king" [23] . The letter prepared by the committee confirmed the rights of the colony, but gave assurances of loyalty to the crown. Bradstreet and John Norton were selected as agents to deliver the letter to London . The king renewed the colonial charter of the colony, but sent the agents back to Massachusetts with his own message. In it, the king demanded to establish religious tolerance in the colony so that the Anglican church and religious minorities, such as Quakers , could openly preach [24] . Agents were heavily criticized by factions in the governor’s council, but Bradstreet defended the need to consider the king’s requirements as the safest course [25] . Disputes about how to respond to the demands of the king divided the colony; Bradstreet was part of the moderate faction, claiming the colony should obey the king. This faction lost the debate of the faction of John Endicott and Richard Bellingham , who advocated the aggressive preservation of the rights of the colony [26] [27] . Relations between the colony and the crown deteriorated when the king resumed his demands after the end of the war with the Dutch [28] .
Governorship
At the beginning of 1679, Governor John Leverett died, and Bradstreet replaced him as Deputy [25] . Leverett spoke out against meeting the king’s demands [29] , and changes in the leadership of the colony occurred too late. Bradstreet was the last governor to rule the colony in accordance with its original charter [25] . His deputy, Thomas Danforth, was from a faction of opponents to an agreement with the king. During the governorship of Bradstreet, King Edward Randolph, an agent of the king, visited the colony in an attempt to enforce the rules of navigation, according to which certain types of trade with the colony were illegal. Attempts by Randolph to intervene were actively resisted by both merchants and sympathetic magistrates, despite Bradstreet’s attempts to negotiate with Randolph. The governor’s council often refused to condemn those accused of violating these acts [30] . Randolph’s attempts to enforce the laws on navigation ultimately convinced the general court of the colony that the colonies needed to create their own mechanisms for applying them. The draft law on the creation of a naval department was actively discussed in 1681 , when the faction of the crown's opponents dominated the council. The bill was adopted, which further exacerbated the situation in the colony [31] . Bradstreet refused to comply with the law. He was rehabilitated to some extent when he won re-election in 1682 , and then used his authority to further undermine the operation of the law [32] .
Randolph’s threats to report the intransigence of the colonial legislature to London prompted Bradstreet to send agents to England to argue the position of the colony. Shortly after their arrival at the end of 1682, the lords presented an ultimatum to the colony: either to amend the colonial trade legislation, or to lose the colonial charter altogether, which gave the right to create a colony. The general meeting of the colony leaders rejected an ultimatum [33] . As a result, the charter was officially annulled on October 23, 1684 [34] .
New England Dominion and Temporary Return to Power
King Charles II in 1684 created the Dominion of New England [35] . Bradstreet's brother-in-law, Joseph Dudley , who served as one of the colonial agents, was appointed president of the Council of New England in 1685 by King Jacob II and took control of the colony in May 1686 [36] . Bradstreet was offered a position in the gubernatorial council, but he refused [37] . Dudley was replaced in December 1686 by Sir Edmund Andros , who was hated in Massachusetts for frauds with the land and the seizure of congregational church objects for the religious services of the Anglican church [38] .
The idea of revolt against Andros originated in January 1689 , before the news of the Glorious Revolution of December 1688 reached Boston. After William III and Maria II took the throne, Incrize Maser and Sir William Phips , an agent of Massachusetts in London, petitioned them to restore the Charter of Massachusetts. Mather also convinced the lords to postpone Andros's notice of the accomplished revolution [39] . He has already sent a letter to Bradstreet with the news that magistrates should “prepare people's minds for change” [40] . Bradstreet was one of the possible organizers of the demonstration, which was held in Boston on April 18, 1689 . Along with other dominion magistrates, he sent an open letter to Andros for resignation to calm the crowd [41] . Andros, who fled to a safe place on Castle Island, gave up and eventually returned to England after a few months of arrest [42] .
After Andros’s arrest, the Security Council was created, and Bradstreet became its president. The Council prepared a letter for the royal couple, justifying the actions of the colony in a language similar to the one used by William in his proclamations when he invaded England [43] . The council quickly decided to return to the order of administration adopted under the old charter [44] . Bradstreet renewed the governorship and was annually re-elected governor until 1692 [45] . He was supposed to protect the colony from those people who opposed the renewal of the old charter [46] . The northern border of the colony at that time was covered by the war of King William . Bradstreet approved the expedition of Sir William Phipps in 1690 against Acadia and Quebec [47] .
In 1691, the royal couple issued a charter that created the province of Massachusetts Bay , and appointed Phipsa its first governor [45] . Bradstreet was offered a position on the Pips Council, when the new governor arrived in 1692 to perform his duties, but he refused [48] . Bradstreet died at his home in Salem on March 27, 1697, at the age of 93; because of his old age (died at 93), Cotton Maser called him " Nestor of New England" [4] .
Family and Heritage
Bradstreet was buried in Salem [49] . His first wife, Anne Bradstreet, died in 1672 ; the couple had eight children, seven of whom survived to adulthood. Among their children were Dudley (the future magistrate) and John (during a witch hunt in Salem he was accused of witchcraft when a dog barked at him on the street. Fearing retribution, John fled to New York and returned to Salem when hysteria slept The dog was hanged as a witch [50] ). In 1676, Bradstreet married Ann Gardner, the widow of Captain Joseph Gardner [49] . His many descendants include lawyers Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and David Sauter, US President Herbert Hoover and actor Humphrey Bogart [51] .
Notes
- ↑ SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ American National Biography - 1999.
- ↑ In the Julian calendar, which was used in England, the year began on March 25th. To avoid confusion with dates in the Gregorian calendar, dates between January and March were often recorded with both years.
- ↑ 1 2 Mather et al, p. 140
- ↑ Cutter, pp. 123–124
- ↑ Moore, p. 377
- ↑ 1 2 Bradstreet, Simon in Venn, J. & JA, Alumni Cantabrigienses , Cambridge University Press, 10 vols, 1922-1958.
- ↑ Anderson, p. 1: 210
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Moore, p. 378
- ↑ Jones, pp. 44–46, 55
- ↑ Campbell, p. 38
- ↑ Battis, p. 190
- ↑ Campbell, p. 41
- ↑ 1 2 Anderson, p. 1: 214
- ↑ Martin (1991), pp. 66, 72–73
- ↑ Thompson, p. 77
- ↑ Anderson, p. 1: 211
- ↑ 1 2 3 Moore, p. 381
- ↑ Moore, p. 379
- ↑ Bolton, pp. 355, 415
- ↑ Breen, pp. 122, 135
- ↑ Buildings of the North Andover Historical Society . North Andover Historical Society. The appeal date is March 10, 2011. Archived October 31, 2010.
- ↑ Moore, p. 382
- ↑ Moore, p. 383
- ↑ 1 2 3 Moore, p. 384
- ↑ Bliss, p. 158
- ↑ Moore, pp. 360–361
- ↑ Doyle, pp. 195–202
- ↑ Hall, p. 25
- ↑ Hall, p. 60
- ↑ Hall, pp. 70–72
- ↑ Hall, p. 74
- ↑ Hall, pp. 77–78
- ↑ Hall, pp. 81–83
- ↑ Barnes, pp. 29–30
- ↑ Barnes, p. 54
- ↑ Moore, p. 385
- ↑ Moore, pp. 410–413
- ↑ Barnes, pp. 234–235
- ↑ Barnes, p. 238
- ↑ Steele, p. 78
- ↑ Moore, pp. 319, 417–419
- ↑ Sosin, p. 93
- ↑ Moore, pp. 386–387
- ↑ 1 2 Barnes, pp. 267–269
- ↑ Sosin, p. 97
- ↑ Baker, pp. 344–346
- ↑ Moore, p. 387
- ↑ 1 2 Anderson, p. 1: 213
- ↑ Weiser-Alexander, Kathy. "The" Witches "of Massachusetts" . Legends of America . Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ↑ Ancestors of John Kerry . William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services. The appeal date is March 23, 2011.
Literature
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