Ivashchensky

In the lists of colonies, villages and individual farms of German colonists who were in the Stavropol province as of 1916-1917, this settlement is listed as a farm (colony) of Ivashchenko (Ivaschen) of the Stavropol district. In other sources there are variants of Ivaschenkov (Bethel) ^[4] , Ivaschenko (Bettel) ^[5] , Ivaschenkovsky ^[6] , Ivaschensky ^{[1] [7]} .

The origin of the toponym Ivaschensky is associated with the name of the former landowner Ivaschenko . Some other German settlements were named in the same way, which appeared, like the Bethel colony, on the Bolshaya Kugult river in the second half of the 19th century: Zolotarevka in honor of Major General I.F. Zolotarev, on whose lands the colonists settled in the 1880s from the Kherson province ^{[8] [9]} ; Martynovka - in honor of the state adviser Martynov, who at the end of the 1860s sold his land to immigrants from Akkerman district of the Bessarabian region ^[10] ; Khubiyarovka - in honor of the landowner Khubarov, from whom in 1896 German settlers bought land for the establishment of the colony ^[11] .

Based on the lists of settlements published in the book of V. N. Krotenko “Steppe cradle of heroes. The history of the Ipatovo municipal district of the Stavropol Territory ”(2014), it can be judged that the name Ivashchenko continued to be used in the 1920s, and by the end of the 1930s the farm began to be called Ivaschensky ^[12] .

The farm was built in an open area near the Bolshaya Kugulta River, 80 km northeast of the city of Stavropol ^{[13] [3]} and 27 km north of the village of Blagodatny ^[4] . It was located between the villages of Zolotarevka and Rodniki of the Ipatovo district ^[14] . Now in its place is located Ivaschenskaya village of Rodniki, which connects with Dovatortsev village of Zolotaryovka ^{[14] [15] [16] [17]} .

After the end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, among the measures of the Russian government aimed at accelerating the process of colonization of the empty lands of the North Caucasus (including the lands of the present Stavropol Territory), they were settled by foreign colonists , especially immigrants from Germany , Great Britain and some others countries ^{[18] [19]} .

On July 14 ( 25 ), 1785 , the Empress Catherine II signed the manifesto "On allowing foreigners to settle in the cities and villages of the Caucasian province and send their trades, crafts, and crafts freely." In accordance with this document, the colonists who wished to “establish their residence” in the “ Caucasian country ” were guaranteed adequate protection and receiving cash benefits for the development of the economy, the possibility of broad activities in the field of trade and crafts, freedom of religion, as well as 6-year exemption from all state taxes ^{[20] [21]} .

The appearance of the first German immigrants in the Stavropol region dates back to the 2nd half of the 18th century ^[22] , and in the 19th century independent settlements of Russian Germans began to appear in the region ^[23] .

XIX century

The date of formation of the Bethel colony is considered to be 1879 (according to other sources - 1878 ^{[3] [24]} ) ^{[1] [13]} , but the history of its origin began even earlier.

In the early 1870s, a group of “temporarily settled” Germans built a colony of 27 courtyards 150 fathoms from the right bank of Bolshoi Kugult ^[25] . In the "Description of land owned by the river Bolshaya and Malaya Kugulta and in adjacent tracts ”(1871), compiled by local historian I.V. Bentkovsky , this settlement is called the German column of Ivashchenko ^[25] , since it was located on the land of Major General Polikarp Ivanovich Ivaschenko, which the colonists rented for 5 years a plot of 2279 acres ^[26] . At the disposal of the Germans there was a water mill ^[25] , which worked only during the periods of arrival of rain and snow waters, and the rest of the time stood idle ^[25] . Sources of water were 3 wells with good water. In addition, according to Bentkovsky, “a hundred fathoms above the column, almost on the top of the mountain, under a dense layer of yellow-gray clay, and the subsequent layer of siliceous yellow sand, at a depth of seven fathoms, [colonists] found excellent water” ^[25] .

From the entries in the register to the lands of the Stavropol province for a three-year period since 1887, it follows that the land allotment belonging to P. I. Ivashchenko (in the document it is indicated as “Colonel Ivaschenko”) was subsequently sold in parts to other landowners. The first plot (1709 acres) was bought on October 30, 1873 by the Nakhchivan tradesman Vasily Egorovich Khubiyarov ^[27] , who sold it on February 10, 1896 to the Germans who founded the Khubiyarovskaya colony ^[28] . The second plot (570 acres) was purchased on August 21, 1879 by "Prussian citizens Gustav Karlovich Knatz and Co." from a colonist named Pishel or Bishel (according to other sources - "from the landowner Ivaschenko on August 16, 1879 without the intermediary of a bank" ^[29] ; there is also information about the acquisition of this site by the mentioned G. Knatz on April 14, 1887 ^[30] ) ^{[13] [27]} . New settlers formed the Evangelical Lutheran colony Bethel ^{[13] [3] here} . Confirmation of this fact can be found, for example, in the "Alphabetical list of owners of private lands designated on the 10th map of the Stavropol province, compiled in 1896," where number 58 indicates a plot of 570 acres and 120 square fathoms owned by Bethel - colonies, Prussian subjects: Schneider, Knauch, Kirshgoferov, and Gaubrich with others ” ^[31] .

There is evidence that the founders of this colony were the followers of the so-called “Exodus movement”, organized in the second half of the 19th century by pastor of the Hesselberg community Samuel Gottfried Christoph Klöter ^{[3] [32] [33]} , who, in accordance with eschatological ideas, defined the North The Caucasus as one of the places of salvation on Earth ” ^[34] .

According to Klöter, supporters of the “Exodus movement” were supposed to settle along the “wanderers' road” from Crimea through the Caucasus to Central Asia , east of the Caspian Sea to the Ferghana Valley . Along this line was supposed to build a kind of "pioneer villages for the time of great sorrow."

- T. N. Plohotnyuk “Russian Germans in the North Caucasus” ^[35]

According to the data of the doctor of historical sciences T.N. Plohotnyuk, in the late 70s and early 80s of the XIX century, the followers of Klöter created 8 settlements on the lands of the Stavropol province, Kuban and Terek regions, including the Bethel colony and the Gnadenburg colony, which became the center "Movement" ^{[34] [36]} .

According to the list of populated areas of the Stavropol province for 1889, the Bethel colony was listed among settlements located on private lands not included in the allotment of rural societies (volosts). At that time, it had 12 courtyards with the same number of houses, in which 79 people lived ^[38] .

From the directory "Stavropol province in statistical, geographical, historical and agricultural relations" (1897) it is known that in the mid-1890s there were 13 yards in Bethel with a population of 85 people. All residents had their own gardens, where mainly potatoes were cultivated. Gardens were laid out in the yards of some colonists (for example, one of them owned a vineyard, which annually gave up to 30 buckets of wine) ^[13] .

The main occupations in the colony were agriculture and cattle breeding. The Germans grew winter and spring wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, flax and mustard. Winter wheat was sown in large quantities; its average yield was 1000 quarters , a good - 2500 quarters. The colonists used a six- field farming system ( German: Sechsfelderwirtschaft ) ^{[39] [40]} - with a crop rotation that makes a circle of 6 years ^[41] . Agricultural work was carried out using advanced agricultural implements (machines): in 12 yards there were mowers , and in 7 - one winder each (all the necessary agricultural equipment was purchased in the neighboring colony Friedrichsfeld). Cattle ranching included 97 horses, 80 cattle, 60 sheep, 2 goats and 70 pigs ^[42] .

Betel colony residents sold grain and other agricultural products in the markets of the city of Stavropol and the village of Petrovsky . With an average yield, the colonists managed to sell up to 800 quarters of wheat and up to 100 quarters of flax, and with a good yield, twice as much. In the colony itself, no trade was conducted and there were no "commercial and industrial establishments" ^[43] .

In addition to residential buildings and outbuildings, a Lutheran prayer house built of adobe brick and a private school building (founded in 1884) were located on the territory of the settlement, the construction of which cost the local community 600 rubles. There were no pharmacies or paramedics in the colony. Postal services to the colonists were provided by the Petrovskaya Post and Telegraph Office ^[43] .

XX century

In accordance with the list of populated areas of the Stavropol province for 1903, the colony of Ivaschenkov (Bethel) belonged to the Blagodatnensky volost of the 2nd camp of the Stavropol district. In the indicated year, its population was 79 residents of both sexes, who owned 1,500 acres of convenient land ^[4] . According to 1909, the colony was part of the 3rd camp of the Stavropol Uyezd; it included 15 yards with 108 residents, 1 commercial and 1 industrial enterprise. Sources of water supply were wells dug in each yard, a spring and a pond ^[5] .

After the Bolsheviks came to power in the Stavropol province in 1917, a civil war broke out ^[44] , the events of which affected the lives of the Bethel population:

During the civil war, the colony was severely damaged, part of the houses and farm buildings were burned. Many residents left Bethel and fled to the places of basic settlement of German colonists in the Northern Black Sea region . <...> By the end of the 20s. the economy of the colonists was completely restored. Collectivization was carried out without special costs. The collective farm in Bethel was considered an economically sound economy and successfully coped with state supply plans and additional requisitions of local authorities.

- A. G. Tereshchenko “Russian Germans in the South of Russia and the Caucasus” ^[6]

On February 13, 1924, the Stavropol province became part of the Southeast Region (from October 16, 1924 - the North Caucasus Territory ^[45] ), and on June 2 of that year it was transformed into the Stavropol District , uniting 10 districts ^{[46] [47] [48]} . The Ivashchenko farm (the former Bethel colony) became part of the Zolotarevsky village council of the Vinodelensky district (Ipatovsky district ^[48] since 1935) ^{[3] [49]} . According to the lists of populated areas of the North Caucasus Territory, in 1925, 160 people lived in the farm, there was an elementary school. Other institutions, as well as enterprises (for example, forges, creameries, mills) in the village were not listed ^[49] .

In 1941, during the deportation of ethnic Germans from the territory of the USSR , residents of Ivashchensky were expelled to the East ^[6] . In total, according to the results of the operation to evict the Germans of the North Caucasus, which took place from September 1941 to January 1942 ^[50] in accordance with the Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. 698-cs of 09/21/1941 ^[51] , they were taken out of the Ordzhonikidze Krai (mainly to the Kazakh SSR ^{[ 22] [52]} ) about 99.9 thousand deportees ^[53] .

From the materials collected in the composite database “Victims of Political Terror in the USSR” of the Memorial Society, eight residents of the Ivashchenko farm repressed in 1942-1943 are known. Seven of them were sent to the largest forced labor camp in the USSR for labor- mobilized Russian Germans - ITL Bakalstroy-Chelyabmetallurgstroy ^{[54] [55]} .

As of May 1, 1953, Ivashchensky was administratively subordinate to the Rodnikovsky Village Council of the Ipatovo District ^[56] , and after June 8, 1954 Zolotarevsky, Rodnikovsky and Sofievsky Village Councils were merged into the Zolotarevsky Village Council, the farm was again listed as part of the latter ^[57] . Since the late 1950s, it housed one of the branches of the state farm "Sofievsky", formed in April 1957 as a result of the merger of the collective farm to them. Khrushchev and Sofievsky machine and tractor station ^[58] .

On July 7, 1964, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the Ivashchensky farm of the Ipatovo district of the Stavropol Territory was removed from the register ^[7] .

In 1889, 79 people lived in Bethel (34 men and 45 women). By the second half of the 1890s, the number of permanent residents of the colony was already 85 people (41 men and 44 women), the number of nonresident residents - 28 people (17 men and 11 women). Indigenous people - “Germans, Prussian subjects”; nonresident - from the Kherson , Samara and Tauride provinces ^[39] .

In 1903, the number of inhabitants of the colony was reduced to 79 people. At that time, it was the smallest settlement in the Blagodatnensky volost of the Stavropol district ^[4] . In 1909, its population increased to 108 people (58 men and 50 women) ^[5] .

According to the census of 1916-1917, the Ivashchenko colony (the former Bethel colony) consisted of 13 yards, in which 223 people lived (117 men and 106 women) ^[62] . During the civil war in Russia, the number of inhabitants of the colony decreased compared with the indicated period (in 1918 there were 180 ^[59] , in 1920 - 190 ^[3] ) and, as noted by the doctor of historical sciences A. G. Tereshchenko, “For 6 post-war years, it was not possible to restore the pre-war population contingent” ^[6] .

In 1925, there were 41 courtyards with 160 inhabitants (75 men and 85 women) in the Ivashchenko farm ^[49] . According to the “List of Settlements of the National People of the Stavropol District”, in the indicated year he occupied the 16th place by population among 17 foreign colonies included in this list ^[60] . In 1926 there were 85 households in the farm, the total number of inhabitants was 183 people (91 men and 92 women), of which 181 (90 men and 91 women) were Germans; in terms of population, he was in 8th place among 13 settlements in the Zolotarevsky village council ^[61] .

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