Bashkortostan in the era of the Nogai Horde

The warlord of the Golden Horde, Edigey, is considered the founder of the Nogai horde ; his personal ulus included the southern part of Historical Bashkortostan ^[1] . According to Abd al-Ghaffar Kırımi, after the Kadyr-Berdi Khan against Edigey in the battle of 1419 on the Yaik River , during which the latter was killed, his sons Kay-Kuvad and Nuraddin “went to the vilayet of Tura and settled among a people called Bashkur ". According to Bashkir legends, Nuraddin ( Bashk. Moraim ) was buried in the valley of the Dema River ^[2] . The plot of the epic “ Idukai and Muradym ” included episodes of the life of Edigheus ^[3] .

According to the legends of the manuscript “Notes of the Fakihs or the Ancient Book of History” ( Bashk. “Fakihtar yakyuyyuki Borono tari kitaba” ), the Bashkir ruler Kasym Khan settled on the mouth of the Sakmara River (now the territory of the city of Orenburg ), where he is building his headquarters and caravanserai . Further, the legend describes the relationship of Kasym Khan with the ruler of the Kazan Khanate, Myrzabek Khan. In The History of Usergan , during the reign of Barak Khan, the border between the Bashkir and Nogai possessions passed along the Samara River : “Tura Khan. A mountain (called) Tura-tag is known on the Agidel River. This is the place of his bet. He was an autocratic khan of the Bashkir people. His son was Kusem Khan. In those days in Saraichik there was a battle with Burak-khan , that is, battles over land and water took place. After Kusem Khan sent his younger brother Birdebek with a strong army from the north. Burak on the right side sent Mansour . Then from two sides opposed (to each other), preparing for battle. Negotiating, we concluded an agreement on the following: the right side of the Samara River went to Burak Khan, his subjects were Nogai; the northern side of the Samara River went to Kusem Khan, his subjects were Bashkirs. Then, after the armistice, Birdebek-Sultan (s) Mansur from two (opposite) banks of the Agidel River competed in archery. Each of them was a magnificent shooter and emir, and the arrows of both flew over the roads running along the (both) sides of the Agidel river. Having lived with such a feast and fun for a month, they went back, that is, they returned to their countries. The Bashkir and Nogai peoples for some time remained (live) in peace, until the era of Urak Mamaia ” ^{[4] [5]} .

At the end of the 15th century - the beginning of the 16th century, in the northern and central part of Historical Bashkortostan the Bashkir Khan ruled Tyura-Khan (Tura Khan, Tora-Biy), whose bets were in the Ufa settlement (Bashkort, Imen-Kala, now the territory of Ufa ) and on Mount Tratau ^{[6] [7]} . At the same time, in the last quarter of the 15th century, the brother of Tyur Khan Basman Khan ruled the southern part of Historical Bashkortostan ^[8] . According to the Shezher of the Tamyan tribe , the great-grandson of Basman Khan was Shagali Shakman-biy . According to Kidryas Mullakaev’s report, Basman ’s headquarters was located in Aktobe (now the territory of the city of Orenburg ): “there was a Nogai khan named Basman, who, according to the former great pestilence, having left his former residence in seventeen thousand cabins, passed to the Yaiku river, and near Sakmarsky the mouth on the mountain, six miles away from Orenburg, where the lighthouse is now installed, built the city named Aktyuba, that is, the Bely Stan, or the village, which is why the mountain is still called Aktyuba and some ruins are visible on it . ” Basman’s personal horde consisted of “seventeen thousand wagons” and wandered “up and down the Yaik and other steppe rivers, namely Berda, Sakmara, Salmysh, Yushatyr, Tanalyk, Ore, Kizil, and streaming rivers . And in the winter these cabins, crossing the Ural Mountains, roamed along the rivers Belaya, Sokol, Ashkadar, Kuganak, along Shkadr, along Deme, where the places are wooded and warm ” ^[9] . Basman waged war with the Nogai Murza Altakar (Alchagir) . After the death of Basman, Murza Altakar extended power in the south and southeast of Historical Bashkortostan ^[10] .

One of the earliest references to the presence of Nogai in Bashkortostan was recorded in the Yamgurchi letter to Ivan III ^[11] . Since the beginning of the XVI century, the Nogai Horde has included the main territory of historical Bashkortostan . In historiography, it is known as the “Nogai Bashkortostan” (“Nogai Bashkiria”). The territory of Historical Bashkortostan, which is part of the Nogai Horde, was not included in the dual-wing structure of the Nogais and was economically closed and politically isolated. The western border of the Nogai Bashkiria (with the Kazan Khanate ) passed along the rivers Ik and Kame . The eastern border (with the Siberian Khanate ) was the eastern border of the Kataysky volost - the approximate meridional line along the lakes of the Southern Urals : Itkul (or Schelkun), Sinara , Castle , Kyzyltash , Uvilda , Argazi and further along the upper reaches of the Uy . The southern borders of the Nogai Bashkortostan passed through the basins of the rivers Bolshaya and Malaya Uzeni , Chagan , the Chizhinsky spills and further along the Yaik .

The territory of Historical Bashkortostan, which is part of the Nogai Horde, constituted a special province with its own administrative center. Nogai Bashkortostan was under the control of the supreme governor. The Institute of Viceroyalty consisted of the Supreme Viceroy of Nogai Bashkortostan, assistants who controlled certain areas. The governors mainly monitored the collection of yasak and other taxes from the Bashkirs. Yasak was mainly paid for with fur and honey, and the Bashkir population was supposed to put up military units in the Horde army. The Nogais collected taxes with the help of armed units. In the years 1520-1540, after the census was conducted in the main part of the Nogai Horde, tax oppression increased on the Bashkirs. According to the Bashkir legend "Tales of Mamai Khan", the collection of yasak was in fact accompanied by violence and robbery against the Bashkirs, which caused fierce resistance from the Bashkir population. In addition, the Nogais occupied the best lands of the Bashkirs for wandering ^[12] .

After their rule in Nogai Bashkortostan, the majority of Murzas became nuradin in the Nogai Horde, among them the exceptions are the princes Hakk-Nazar and Ahmed-Girey, as well as Kanai, who immediately took up the post of Biya) ^[13] .

Until the 1530s, the headquarters of the Nogai governor was on Emba, after the center of the Nogai Bashkortostan moves to the Ufa settlement (Bashkort, Imen-kala, now the territory of the city of Ufa ). According to Kidryas Mullakaev , in those days it was “a great city that stretched up the Belaya River to the mouth of the Ufa River, and to the Ufa Mountains, that is, by the river of mountains, since its residence spread over ten versts” .

According to A. Z. Asfandiyarov , one of the forms of the relationship between the Bashkirs and the legs was the institution of amanatism ^[14] .

According to V.V. Trepavlov , the governors of the Nogai Horde in Bashkortostan were ^[15] :

• Yamgurchi (late 1480s - early 16th centuries)
• Altakar (beginning of the 16th century)
• Sheikh Mamai (1st quarter of the 16th century)
• Aknazar (1522-1538)
• Ismail (1538-1545)
• Ahmet Giray (1546–1558)
• Dingbai (1558-1578)
• Saeed-Ahmed (1578-1584)
• Kanai (late 16th century - early 17th century)
• Kara-Kilembet (beginning of the XVII century - 1623).

In the XV — XVI centuries, an internecine war was fought on the territory of Bashkortostan of the Nogai Horde governors and their vassals.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Nogai Bashkir governor was the Nogai Murza Altakar (Alchagir) . Later Altakar was defeated in the war with the troops of the Kazakh Khanate and was killed.

In the 1st quarter of the 16th century, the governor of Nogai Bashkortostan was Sheikh Mamai . After the Sheikh Mamai became the nuradin of the Nogai Horde, he appointed his pupil Aknazar (Hakk-Nazar) as governor in Bashkortostan. With the coming to power of Aknazar, who was governor in 1522-1538, the power of the Nogais in Bashkortostan was finally established ^[16] . Aknazar extended his power to the southern and southeastern Bashkortostan, where they established cruel orders and taxation: “Akiyazar Khan had one in his own power, and despite their inconstancy and various thefts, exhausted them in every possible way and led them to powerlessness because for three courtyards one boiler was allowed, both cattle and belongings, and children were taken to them and owned land too and was not allowed to cross the river, and they were hunted by hunting, they were forced to pay him every yasak for every person fox, bob y and marten. " According to B. A. Aznabaev , the reign of Aknazar in Bashkortostan affected the limitation of the power of the Bashkir aristocracy in the subservient region ^[17] . According to the historical legend of the Bashkirs, Aknazar Khan arrived in Bashkortostan from Siberia, and then subjugated the Kazan, Astrakhan Khanates, Bukhara, Khiva, Tashkent and other areas adjacent to the Southern Urals ^[18] . His rate was located on the territory of modern Ufa. Aknazar Khan also fought with the Nogai Murza Ismail and his successors, who carried out pro-Moscow politics, and oppressed the Bashkirs who accepted Russian citizenship ^[19] .

Murza Ismail in the years 1538-1545 was the governor of Nogai Bashkortostan, pursued a policy of rapprochement with the Moscow state. In 1545 he became a nuraddin of the Nogai Horde, during his reign the internecine struggle continued, which ultimately led to the collapse of the state ^[20] . Tsarevich of the Siberian Khanate, Genghisid Akhmet-Girey in 1546-1558 was the governor of Nogai Bashkortostan. Its yurt included the territory of the central part of Historical Bashkortostan ^[21] .

In the second half of the 1550s, a great famine began in the Nogai Horde, which, together with epidemics, led to high mortality and the mass exodus of people from the Horde. The English traveler E. Jackinson, who traveled through Astrakhan in 1558, described this event as follows: “Such a pestilence has never been seen in these countries; the Nogai lands abounded with pastures, but now they are empty ... their dead bodies lay in heaps all over the island, not buried, like animals . ” The reason for the massive hunger was natural disasters. According to the legend of the Bashkirs of the Yurmata tribe: “Great snow fell, and for three years there was a severe winter. Sheep and cattle were attacked by death, and bread was not born ” ^[22] . Internal wars, famine and epidemics contributed to the departure of the nogai from the territory of Bashkortostan. Information about the departure of the Nogais and, along with them, parts of the Bashkirs was preserved in the traditions of some Bashkir tribes ( mines , yurmats , usergan , Burzyans , Kipchaks , Tamyans ).

Viceroys of the Nogai Horde together with their uluses were clearly an undesirable element in Bashkortostan. Violation of patrimonial rights of the Bashkirs , interference in internal governance also contributed to the increase of authority among the newly arrived Nogai aristocracy ^[23] . The struggle of the Bashkirs with the troops of the rulers of the Nogai Horde was reflected in the Shezher of the mine tribe , in the monuments of Bashkir folklore . According to the general shezher of the southeastern Bashkirs (Usergan, Burzyan, Kipchak, Tamyan), the Bashkirs seized Murz Bursai Khan and Akzush (Aktulush) "and delivered them to the Russian Khan Ivan Vasilyevich." The heads of certain Bashkir clans who led the Bashkir struggle against the Nogai Horde are known - Bikbau-biy , Burnak-biy , Isk-biy , Kanzafar-biy , Karakuzyak-biy Meshavali , Tatigas-biy , Shagali Shakman-biy and others. The long confrontation between the Bashkirs and the Nogai Horde contributed to the voluntary entry of Bashkortostan into the Russian state ^[15] .

However, even after the accession of a significant part of Bashkortostan to the Moscow state, the post of governor of Nogai Bashkortostan remains in the management system of the Nogai Horde. The Nogai again made attempts to establish their power in the region, which was expressed in raids and in collecting yasak. The headquarters of governors again moves to the Embu River. In 1558-1578, the governor was Dinbai , the son of Ismail-biy. At this post he was 20 years old and, like Urus, became a khan, Dinbai moved from Emba to the Volga. Further, in 1578-1584, the post of governor was held by Said-Ahmed . Murza Kara-Kilembet at the beginning of the XVII century - 1623 was the governor of Nogai Bashkortostan, waged a fight with Murza Aksak-Kilembet for sole power over the southwestern Bashkirs, their internecine struggle was reflected in the Shezher mine tribe ^{[24] [25]} .

After the construction of the Ufa fortress and the internecine struggle in the Nogai Horde at the end of the 16th century, the power of the Nogais in Bashkortostan was finally suppressed. At the beginning of the 17th century, raids by Nogai murzas were still noted, but they were not attempts to restore Nogai power in the region ^[26] .

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