The California Independence Movement is a movement for the state of California to leave the United States of America . California is the most populated as well as the third largest US state. In this regard, over the entire history of the state, more than 220 proposals have been put forward for its territorial division and the creation of new states [1] , as well as more than 200 proposals for the withdrawal of the state from the United States [2] . There have also been and are separate political movements for California independence or the inclusion of parts of it in a separate independent region (e.g., Cascadia ).
In 2016-2017, up to a third of California residents expressed their positive attitude towards the idea of secession from the United States [3] . In 2018, however, a public survey showed that only 14% of respondents were ready to vote in favor of leaving the US [4] .
| Survey date | Survey Organization | Number of respondents | Error | Yes | Not | Not decided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 16, 2016 | SurveyUSA | 800 | ± 3.5% | 23% | 57% | 20 % |
| November 5-7, 2017 | Hoover / stanford | 1,700 | ± 3.8% | 26% | 56% | 18 % |
| January 31, 2017 | SurveyUSA | 800 | ± 3.3% | 18 % | 58% | sixteen % |
| March 13-20, 2017 | UC Berkeley | 1,000 | ± 3.6% | 32% | 68% | n / a |
| January 7-9, 2018 | Survey USA | 1,000 | ± 2.7% | sixteen % | 71% | 13 % |
| March 22-25, 2018 | Survey USA | 1,100 | ± 3% | 14 % | 73% | 13 % |
Content
History
In the history of California, more than 200 proposals for separation from the United States have been put forward. The last state exit from the United States, however, occurred in 1861, when 11 states formed the Confederate States of America . They rejoined the United States in 1865, after the Confederacy was defeated in the Civil War . Subsequently, in 1869, the US Supreme Court ruled that no state has the right to leave the association [5] . Only under the condition that 38 legislatures of different states, as well as two-thirds of members of Congress agree to introduce a change in the constitution, the state can claim independence [6] . This is due to the fact that the US Constitution does not spell out mechanisms for withdrawing from the association [2] . Analysts believe that California’s secession from the United States is unlikely [6] .
US Separation Movement
Cascadia
The separatist movement in the USA and Canada for the strengthening of regional identity and, possibly, the creation of an independent state. The proposed boundaries vary, but predominantly include British Columbia , the states of Washington and Oregon . Some other definitions also include California , Idaho , Alaska, and Yukon [7] [8] .
Basically, it is about recognizing the identity of the inhabitants of the North American Pacific coast on the basis of a common history and uniting to combat common environmental, economic problems, as well as in the name of developing their own identical culture.
If we add up the existing economic potential of the regions included in Cascadia, then the proposed state can enter the twenty leading world economies [9] .
Currently, the main movement advocating for the independence of the territory of Cascadia is the Cascadian Independence Project [10] , whose members are in Vancouver, Victoria, Seattle, Portland and other cities.
Other movements are studying the concept of common identity, history, culture, traditions, and the population of Cascadia. These include the Siteline Institute, Krosskat (Rus. Cross-section), Cascadia Prospects. The goal of their activity is to study the general culture, history, economy, encourage cross-border exchanges and other peaceful activities not related to separatism. But movements like the Cascadia Independent Project, using similar rhetoric, eccentrically advocate for independence.
Yes California and Calexit
Yes California is a founded by who advocated for California independence. His forerunner was a meeting of supporters of the US exit, which was held in Sacramento on April 15, 2010 [11] . As a political organization, Yes California was founded in August 2015 [12] . Its creators borrowed the slogan and symbolism from the Yes Scotland movement, which campaigned for Scottish independence at the 2014 referendum [13] .
Yes California movement became widely known in November 2016 along with the hashtag #Calexit, which was in the trends of social networks [6] . This was directly related to the election of the US president, as well as the fact that in California 61.5% voted for Hillary Clinton, while 33.2% voted for Donald Trump [14] . Residents of the state brought the #Calexit hashtag to Twitter trends, being dissatisfied with the outcome of the election. In their reports, they emphasized that California is the most populated state in the United States, which could become the 6th economy in the world if it gained independence [15] . Marinelli drew attention to this, stating that this is evidence of a split between California and the rest of the United States. According to him, California is the most progressive US state [16] . After the elections, protests organized by a political committee took place in front of the Capitol building in Sacramento. [17]
On November 21, 2016, Yes California launched an initiative to collect signatures to repeal Section 3 of the state constitution, which states that the state is an integral part of the United States and to hold an independence referendum on March 5, 2019. If the outcome of the referendum would be in favor of independence, the governor of California had to apply to the UN with a request to join the organization [18] . In January 2017, pcs. California has agreed to organize a petition for collecting signatures for a vote. [19]
In April 2017 , against the background of the company on Russian interference in the 2016 elections, the organization ceased its activities, saying that the proposal for the collection of signatures requires revision [20] . In many respects, the failure was caused by the fact that the American media published a number of articles stating that Marinelli lives in Russia, opened an “embassy” of the movement in Moscow, and that he receives substantial support from the Russian authorities [21] [22] [ 23] [24] .
California National Party
is a progressive political party founded in 2014. Since 2018, party candidates have participated in elections both at the local and state levels. The California National Party sees state independence through peaceful means as a long-term goal.
Notes
- ↑ 51st state? Small step forward for long-shot 'South California' plan . Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Drive for California secession gets bump from Trump election - San Francisco Chronicle (November 13, 2016). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ Phil Willon. Support for California secession is up, one poll says . latimes.com. Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ SurveyUSA News Poll # 23844 . www.surveyusa.com. Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ How Calexit compares to the campaign in Texas to secede from the US - Business Insider (November 16, 2016). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 California Today: Secessionist Groups Seize the Moment . Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ About Cascadia (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment October 17, 2018. Archived on September 25, 2014.
- ↑ Cascadia: More than a dream (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment October 17, 2018. Archived on October 29, 2014.
- ↑ Preston, Peter . A world away from Texas , The Guardian (February 28, 2010). Date of treatment April 28, 2010.
- ↑ CascadiaNow! the Cascadian Independence Project . Date of treatment October 21, 2012.
- ↑ Should California Be Its Own Country? | The Takeaway | Zócalo Public Square (English) , Zócalo Public Square (April 22, 2010). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ Patt Morrison. Meet the man who wants to make California a sovereign entity . latimes.com. Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ Yes Scotland logo adopted by California independence movement - The Scotsman (February 25, 2016). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ Calexit? Some California voters reject Trump, advocate 'secession' - The San Diego Union-Tribune (November 10, 2016). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ What Is Calexit? California Considers Leaving US After Trump Win , International Business Times (November 9, 2016). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ Trump's in, California's out? Longshot #CALEXIT bid gets boost - CBS News 8 - San Diego, CA News Station - KFMB Channel 8 (November 11, 2016). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ 'Calexit' movement says Trump win helps their calls for California to secede - LA Times (November 11, 2016). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ California Office of the Attorney General. Fiscal Impact Estimate Report: Initiative 16-0011 (January 29, 2017).
- ↑ Daniels, Jeff . California secession movement starts gathering petition signatures , CNBC (January 27, 2017). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ Miller, Jim . 'Calexit' effort halted - but backers to try again soon (English) , The Sacramento Bee (April 17, 2017). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ California Secession Advocate Faces Scrutiny Over Where He's Based: Russia . Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
- ↑ How to Make California Great: Secede, With a Little Help From Putin . Date of treatment December 29, 2016.
- ↑ From His Home in Russia, #Calexit Leader Plots California Secession . kqed.org (December 13, 2016). Date of treatment December 29, 2016.
- ↑ Noyes, Dan . EXCLUSIVE: Leader of Calexit movement called into question for ties to Russia , ABC7 San Francisco (February 13, 2017). Date of appeal October 17, 2018.
Links
- California
- Yes california
- Cascadia
- Separatism in the USA
- https://californianational.party/