“Brezhnevka” (colloquial, by analogy with Stalin and Khrushchev ) is the name of a series of houses built in the USSR from the mid-1960s to the end of the 1980s, mainly during the reign of L.I. Brezhnev . The name “apartment of improved planning” (U / P) is also found, and for larger houses built in the 1980s - “new planning” [1]
In Moscow, the last “brezhnevka” was erected in 1988–1989, after which the style finally fell out of use, and the name was from the Muscovites' lexicon (later houses were called “new buildings”, or “ P-44 ”). In other cities of Russia and the CIS countries, “brezhnevki” were actively built during the 1990s.
Features
Like the "Khrushchev", "brezhnevki" are built in the style of functionalism ("boxes"). Five-story brezhnevki deprived of an elevator.
The main materials of the walls of Brezhnev houses are reinforced concrete panels and silicate brick . In large cities with powerful DSCs, most Brezhnevok are built from panels. The brick was usually used in regions in which there were no DSCs or they did not have enough power for the construction of point and non-standard houses. High-rise houses ( Vulykh tower and others) were also built with precast reinforced concrete frames and brick walls, and later high-rise brezhnevki - with a monolithic frame . The roof of all brezhnevok flat, covered with bituminous materials, in contrast to the Khrushchev street is equipped with internal drains. The exception is early brick five-storey buildings, low-rise houses for rural and suburban construction may have double or multi-slope slate roofs. The foundation is piled or tape from concrete blocks. The overlaps in the brick houses are prefabricated reinforced concrete of hollow-core slabs , and in panel ones - from solid slabs.
The Brezhnev houses are equipped with central heating with lower vertical bottling and single pipe wiring, centralized cold water supply and sewage . In the houses above 5 floors, hot water supply is centralized, in five-story brezhnevka gas water heaters are possible. Houses up to 10 floors high are gasified , above 10 floors they have been equipped with electric stoves since the late 1970s (earlier ones could be gasified). Houses of more than 5 floors are equipped with a passenger elevator and a garbage chute . In houses with a height of 12 or more floors, a second, freight-passenger elevator is provided (in the early Brezhnevka - the second passenger). In high-rise buildings, fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems are provided. In brick brezhnevka may be a closet-closet in the kitchen under the window, passed to the brezhnevka from Khrushchev. The people referred to as "Khrushchev refrigerator"
The Brezhnev houses differ from Khrushchev's in the following features:
- the presence of a watch (since 1970), an elevator and a garbage chute; in later brezhnevka ladder and so on. "Back door" combined;
- Higher floors, the most common are houses with a height of 9 (in later versions also 10), 12 and 16 (later 17) floors. Many cities also built "Chinese walls" - long brezhnevki with a large number of entrances;
- a large number of apartments on the landing - from 4 to 8;
- larger area;
- a large number of rooms in apartments: if in the most massive series of Khrushchev 1-447 , 1-335 , 1-464 two-room and one-room apartments dominate, then four-room apartments appeared in Brezhnevka and the number of three-room apartments increased;
- separated bathroom;
- no or fewer walk-through rooms;
- relative diversity of forms (for example, both tall and wide buildings, rounded).
Brezhnev houses by construction period are divided into:
- early brezhnevki, built from the mid-1960s to the end of the 1970s, representing improved Khrushchev. In contrast to the latter, separate bathrooms, four-room apartments, and apartments with orientation to two sides of the house (“vests”) appeared in such houses. The number of passable rooms is reduced, rooms in two-room apartments are isolated. Also appeared multi-storey version of a height of 9 and 12 floors, equipped with an elevator and garbage disposal. Examples: late modifications of series 1-447 , 1-464 , brick series 1-528KP-41 , Sh-5733 , block series II-18/12 , panel series II-49 , 1605 (9- and 12-floor modifications) .
- late brezhnevki, widely erected from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s, their modifications are under construction now. Other names - "new layout" [2] . Compared with the previous ones, the area of apartments in these houses has been increased: kitchens - 8–9 m² and more, living rooms - at least 9 m², all rooms are isolated. The apartment has a large entrance hall, a separate bathroom with a transverse bath and space for a washing machine, large balconies or, more often, balconies, which can go 2 windows. In the latest modifications in the three-and four-room apartments there are 2 balconies, in the four-room - an additional bathroom. Examples: panel series 111-121 , 111-90 , brick series 114-85 , 114-86 , 1-528KP-82 . Moscow panel series with the “P” index ( P-3 , P-44 , etc.) are usually not attributed to the Brezhnevka, although their mass construction began in the late 1970s during the life of L.I. Brezhnev.
Brezhnevki exist in several versions of the layout, number of floors and the area of apartments. The total area of early brezhnev usually is:
- one-room - 22—31 m²;
- two-room - 42—45 m²;
- three-room - 48—56 m²;
- four-room - 58-70 m².
Late brezhnevki have an increased area of apartments:
- one-room - 33–47 m² (rarely 29 m²);
- two-room - 48—58 m²;
- three-room - 62-74 m²;
- four-room - 76-88 m².
Also under Brezhnev, houses of a small family and hotel type were erected - with a large number of small one-room apartments or rooms with a kitchenette and a combined bathroom. For the higher strata of the Soviet leadership, “ tsekovskie houses ” were built.
See also
- Khrushchev
- Stalinka
- Residential building series
Notes
- ↑ New layout . The appeal date is February 8, 2016.
- ↑ Typical houses and apartment layouts: New layout . planirovki.blogspot.ru. The appeal date is February 8, 2016.