England ( Eng. England [ˈɪŋɡlənd] ) is the administrative and political part [1] of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . The name " England " [2] comes from the ancient English word Englaland , which means "land of the Angles" [3] . The earliest written use of the term “Engla londe” is contained in a translation of the late English of the treatise “ Church History of the People of the Angles ” by the historian and theologian Beda Hon .
The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled on the territory of modern Britain in the early Middle Ages . The Angles came from the Angeln Peninsula, located in the eastern part of Jutland in the region of Kiel Bay (now the German land of Schleswig-Holstein ) [4] . The earliest mention of the name of the tribe “Angles” is found in the work of Tacitus of the 1st century “ Germany ”, which uses the Latin word lat. Anglii [5] . The etymology of the name of the tribe is disputed by linguists; it has been suggested that it comes from the shape of the Angeln Peninsula, similar to the angle [6] . Angles. migrated to the British Isles, they became known as the " Anglo-Saxons " to distinguish them from the Continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe), who lived between the Weser and Eider rivers in northern Germany [7] . In Scottish Gaelic , which was used on the island of Great Britain, the Anglo-Saxons gave their name to the territory - " Sasunn " [8] ; likewise, the Welsh name for England is “ Saesneg ”.
In the years 825-830, Wessex King Egbert united seven English kingdoms into one hereditary monarchy, called "England". Some historians consider Egbert the first king of England. Egbert’s grandson, Alfred the Great (871–899), was the liberator and organizer of the state and the first of the kings of Wessex began to call himself king of England .
In the oldest chronicle of England, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , it is written that the Doomsday Book , the first universal land census conducted in 1085-1086 by order of William the Conqueror , covered all of England, that is, the "Kingdom of England"; but a few years later in the Chronicle it was noted that the Scottish king Malcolm III (1058-1093) went "from Scotland to Lothian to Englaland ", that is, a more ancient name was used [9] .
According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the modern spelling of the toponym "England" ( England ) was established only by 1538 [10] .
Content
- 1 Informal names
- 2 See also
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
- 4.1 in Russian
- 4.2 in English
- 5 Links
Unofficial Names
An alternative name for England is Albion . The name "Albion" originally applied to the entire island of Great Britain . The earliest known mention of this name is contained in the work of Pseudo-Aristotle “ De mundo ” ( Greek Περὶ Κόσμου ) ( IV century BC ). Pseudo-Aristotle noted that north of the continent
there are two very large islands: the British Isles, Albion and Ierne [UK and Ireland]
- Aristotle or Pseudo-Aristotle. On the Cosmos, 393b12 // On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos. . - William Heinemann LTD, Harvard University Press. - P. 360–361. at the open library
.
There are two versions about the etymology of the name "Albion". According to one, the name goes back to the pre-Indo-European root * albho- (“white”, cf. lat. Albus ), which is possibly associated with the chalky white cliffs of Dover - the only part of Britain visible from the European mainland [11] . Another version is that the name "Albion" comes from the pre-Indo-European * alb- ("hill") [12] .
Currently, the name "Albion" is used in England in a sublime style, in other countries - usually in a somewhat ironic sense. Also, this name is widely used in popular culture and mythology, in particular, in the mythology of William Blake .
Another romantic name for England is Lloegyr - the Welsh name for England, popular due to its use in the legends of the Arthurian cycle .
See also
- Albion
- British Isles (terminology)
- Wales Name
- Name of scotland
Notes
- ↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- ↑ Dictionary of Geographic Names of Foreign Countries, 1986 , p. 17.
- ↑ England . Online Etymology Dictionary. Date of treatment July 21, 2010.
- ↑ Ripley, 1869 , p. 570.
- ↑ Germania . Tacitus . Date of treatment September 5, 2009.
- ↑ Angle (inaccessible link) . Oxford English Dictionary . Date of treatment September 5, 2009. Archived May 24, 2011.
- ↑ Crystal, 2004 , pp. 26–27
- ↑ Forbes, John. The Principles of Gaelic Grammar. - Edinburgh: Oliver, Boyd and Tweeddale, 1848.
- ↑ Molyneaux, 2015 , pp. 6-7.
- ↑ England . Oxford English Dictionary . Date of treatment July 12, 2013.
- ↑ Room, 2006 , p. 23.
- ↑ Freeman, Philip, Koch, John T., in: Koch, John T. (ed.), Celtic Culture, ABC-CLIO, 2006, p. 38-39; Delamarre, Xavier, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Errance, 2003 (2nd ed.), P. 37-38; Ekwall, Eilert "Early names of Britain", in: Antiquity, Vol. 4, # 14, 1930, p. 149-156.
Literature
in Russian
- Nikonov V.A. A Brief Toponymic Dictionary / Ed. E.I. Belev. - M .: Thought, 1966 .-- 509 p. - 32,000 copies.
- Pospelov E. M. Geographical names of the world. Toponymic dictionary / resp. ed. R. A. Ageeva. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Russian dictionaries, Astrel, AST, 2002. - 512 p. - 3,000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-001389-2 .
- Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / A. M. Komkov. - M .: Nedra, 1986.- 459 p.
in English
- Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World. - McFarland, 2006. - ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7 .