Gray turach [2] ( lat. Francolinus pondicerianus ) is a species of bird from the family of pheasant (Phasianidae) [1] .
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Francolinus pondicerianus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Content
Description
Turach medium size. The body length of males is 29–34 cm, females are somewhat smaller. Weight 200-340 grams (females are lighter) [4] .
Birds usually feed in open areas or in the bushy steppe . They are rarely found at altitudes above 500 m in India and 1200 m in Pakistan.
Their screams are usually heard in the early morning. Gray Turcians live in small groups [5] . They fly badly, only for short distances, preferring to hide from danger in the undergrowth.
In northern India and Pakistan, the species is domesticated and used for fighting [6] [7] .
Subspecies
As of August 2018, there are 3 subspecies distributed throughout the territory [1] :
- Francolinus pondicerianus interpositus Hartert, 1917 - east of Pakistan , north of India , Nepal
- Francolinus pondicerianus mecranensis Zarudny & Härms, 1913 - south of Iran , south of Pakistan
- Francolinus pondicerianus pondicerianus (JF Gmelin, 1789) - South India, Sri Lanka
Distribution
The area is located south of the spurs of the Himalayas and east of the Indus Valley, west of Myanmar. Also gray turuchs live in the northwestern part of Sri Lanka. The populations of these birds are introduced into the Andaman Islands and the Chagos Islands [5] [8] . In the United States, introduced in Nevada and Hawaii, along with several other types of turuchi [9] [10] .
In Culture
John Lockwood Kipling , Rudyard's father, wrote about this and similar birds.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Pheasants, partridges, francolins : [ eng. ] / F. Gill & D. Donsker (Eds). // IOC World Bird List (v 8.2). - 2018 .-- DOI : 10.14344 / IOC.ML.8.2 . (Retrieved September 30, 2018) .
- ↑ Boehme R. L. , Flint V. E. The Bilingual Dictionary of Animal Names. Birds. Latin, Russian, English, German, French / Ed. ed. Acad. V. E. Sokolova . - M .: Rus. lang., "RUSSO", 1994. - S. 59. - 2030 copies. - ISBN 5-200-00643-0 .
- ↑ Le Messurier A. Game, shore and water birds of India . - Thacker and CO, London, 1904. - P. 104.
- ↑ Hume AO, Marshall CHT Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. - Calcutta: AO Hume and CHT Marshall, 1880. - Vol. II. - P. 58.
- ↑ 1 2 Rasmussen PC, Anderton JC Birds of South Asia: the Ripley Guide. Volume 2. - Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions, 2005 .-- P. 121.
- ↑ Ezra A. Partridge and bulbul fighting in India (neopr.) // The Avicultural Magazine. - 1934. - T. 12 , No. 6 . - S. 155-156 .
- ↑ Kipling, John Lockwood. Beast and man in India . - Macmillan and co., 1904. - P. 24.
- ↑ Loustau-Lalanne P. The birds of the Chagos Archipelago, India Ocean (English) // Ibis . - Wiley-Blackwell , 1962. - Vol. 104 , no. 1 . - P. 67-73 . - DOI : 10.1111 / j.1474-919X.1962.tb08628.x .
- ↑ Gullion, Gordon W. A Critique concerning Foreign Game Bird Introductions (Eng.) // The Wilson Journal of Ornithology . - Wilson Ornithological Society , 1965. - Vol. 77 , no. 4 . - P. 409-414 .
- ↑ Koopman ME, Pitt WC Crop diversification leads to diverse bird problems in Hawaiian agriculture ( Human ) // Human – Wildlife Conflicts: journal. - 2007. - Vol. 1 , no. 2 . - P. 235-243 .
Literature
- Soni RG Incubation period of Gray Partridge (Eng.) // Newsletter for Birdwatchers . - 1994. - Vol. 34 , no. 4 . - P. 96 .
- Johnson J. Mangalaraj (1968). Gray Partridge abandoning nest on removal of grass cover over its path to nest. Indian Forester 94 : 780.
- Davis G. (1939). On Indian Gray and Black Partridges ( Francolinus pondicerianus and Francolinus francolinus ). The Avicultural Magazine 54 (5): 148-151.
- Gabriel A. (1970). Some observations on the Ceylon Gray Partridge. Loris 12 (1): 60–62.
- George NJ Southern Gray Partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin) in Malabar, Kerala (English) // Newsletter for Birdwatchers : journal. - 1983. - Vol. 23 , no. 5-6 . - P. 8 .
- Sharma IK (1983). The Gray Partridge ( Francolinus pondicerianus ) in the Rajasthan desert. Annals Arid Zone 22 (2): 117-120.
- Soni VC (1978). Intersexuality in the Gray Partridge. Game Bird Breeders Avicult. Zool. Conserv. Gaz. 27 (7): 12-13.
- Hartert E. (1917). Notes on game-birds. VII. The forms of Francolinus pondicerianus . Novit. Zool. 24 : 287–288.
- Purwar RS (1975). Anatomical, neurohistological and histochemical observations on the tongue of Francolinus pondicerianus (gray partridge or safed teeter). Acta Anat. 93 (4): 526-533.
- Purwar RS (1976). Neuro-histochemical observations on the pancreas of Francolinus pondicerianus (gray partridge or safed teeter) as revealed by the cholinesterase technique. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forch 90 (6): 1009-1016.