The name “Turkey” ( Turkish Türkiye ), applied to the modern Republic of Turkey [1] , comes from the old French Turquie , which, in turn, comes from the medieval Latin forms Turchia, Turquia and Greek - Greek. Τουρκία . The Ottoman Empire , which existed in 1299-1922, among its contemporaries was also commonly called Turkey or the Turkish Empire.
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Etymology
The name of Turkey ( tur. Türkiye ) means "land of the Turks ." The first written use of the term “Türk” as an endoethnonym is contained in documents of ancient Türks found in the Orkhon River Valley ( Mongolia ), written in ancient Turkic runic script and dating to about 735 AD e. [2] .
The first mention of the word Turkye (in versions of Turkye, Torke, later Turkie, Turky) as a toponym in English is found in the early work of D. Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess ( eng. The Book of the Duchess , c. 1368) [3] . The phrase "land of the Turks" ( Engl. Land of Torke ) is found in the English play of the XV century , as well as in the verses of the Scottish poet of the XVI century, William Dunbar . Turkey is mentioned in the 16th century English-Latin dictionary Manipulus Vocabulorum (Turkie, Tartaria) and Francis Bacon's Sylva Sylvarum ( Turky ). The modern transcription of a toponym in English - “Turkey” - was formed no earlier than 1719.
The Greek name ( Greek Τουρκία ) was used by the Byzantine emperor and scholar Konstantin Bagryanorodny in the treatise " On the management of the empire " [4] [5] , although he used the term "Turks" in relation to the Hungarians [6] . Similarly, the Khazar Khaganate in Byzantine sources was called Tourkia [7] . However, later the Byzantines began to use this name to refer to the parts of Anatolia controlled by the Seljuks after the Battle of Manzikert 1071. Medieval Greek and Latin geographers did not use the name Tourkia to denote the region that is now known as Turkey. In Western European literature and cartography, the term Tartaria was used in relation to vast areas from the Caspian to the Pacific Ocean. The formation of the Ottoman Empire in the XIV century contributed to the entry of this name into the languages of European peoples.
In the Russian language, the name "Turkey" came through Polish. Turcja from Novolatinsk Turcia [8] .
See also
- Turks
- Turkic languages
Notes
- ↑ Dictionary of Geographic Names of Foreign Countries, 1986 , p. 377.
- ↑ Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions . Verlag auf dem Ruffel., Engelschoff. ISBN 3-933847-00-1 , 9783933847003.
- ↑ American Heritage Dictionary. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition - "Turk" . bartleby.com (2000). Date of treatment December 7, 2006.
- ↑ Jenkins, Romilly James Heald. De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus . - New, revised. - Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1967. - P. 65. - ISBN 0-88402-021-5 . According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his De Administrando Imperio (ca. 950 AD) "Patzinakia, the Pecheneg realm , stretches west as far as the Siret River (or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains ), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary). ”
- ↑ Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950-1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996 . - Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999 .-- P. 46. - ISBN 978-3-447-04146-1 .
- ↑ Henry Hoyle Howorth. History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia . - Cosimo, Inc., 2008. - P. 3. - ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4 .
- ↑ Öztürk, Özhan Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi . Ankara: Genesis Yayınları (2011). - "... Greek term Tourkoi first used for the Khazars in 568 AD. In addition in "De Administrando Imperio" Hungarians call Tourkoi too once known as Sabiroi ... ". Archived on September 15, 2012.
- ↑ Pospelov, 2002 , p. 426.
Literature
- Pospelov E. M. Geographical names of the world. Toponymic dictionary / resp. ed. R. A. Ageeva. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Russian dictionaries, Astrel, AST, 2002. - 512 p. - 3,000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-001389-2 .
- Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / A. M. Komkov. - M .: Nedra, 1986.- 459 p.