Phobia (from ancient Greek. Φόβος " fear "), fear is a symptom , the essence of which is irrational uncontrollable fear or steady experience of excessive anxiety in certain situations or in the presence (waiting) of a certain known object [3] . A phobia usually leads to the rapid emergence of fear and is present for more than six months. The injured person goes to great lengths to avoid a situation or an object, to an extent greater than the actual danger. If it is impossible to avoid a dangerous object or situation, the affected person suffers a lot of suffering. With blood phobia or injury, syncope may occur. Agoraphobia is often associated with panic attacks [4] . Usually a person experiences phobias for a number of objects or situations [3] .
Specific phobia or phobiaBDU | |
---|---|
ICD-11 | 6B03 |
ICD-10 | F 40.2 , F 40.9 |
ICD-10-KM | and |
ICD-9 | 300.2 |
ICD-9-KM | and |
Mesh |
Phobias can be divided into specific phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia [3] [5] . Types of specific phobias include those related to specific animals, natural environmental conditions, blood or injuries, as well as specific situations. The most common are fear of spiders, snakes and heights [6] . Sometimes they are caused by negative experiences with an object or situation. Social phobia - this is when they are afraid of the situation, as a person is worried that others will judge him. Agoraphobia is when a fear of a situation arises, because a person believes that escape is impossible [3] .
It is recommended to treat certain phobias with the help of contact therapy, when a person becomes familiar with the situation or object in question, until the fear is resolved. Medicines are useless for this type of phobia [5] . Social phobia and agoraphobia are often treated with a combination of counseling and treatment [7] [8] . Medications used include antidepressants, benzodiazepines, or beta-blockers [7] .
Specific phobias affect about 6-8% of people in the western world and 2-4% of people in Asia, Africa and Latin America [3] . Social phobia affects about 7% of people in the United States and 0.5-2.5% of people in the rest of the world. Agoraphobia affects about 1.7% of people [4] . Women suffer about two times more often than men. The disease usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 17 years. The number of patients decreases with age. People with phobias are at higher risk of suicide [3] [4]
Content
In Psychiatry
In psychiatry, it is accepted to call phobia a pathologically increased manifestation of the fear response to one or another stimulus. A phobia is a strongly pronounced persistent obsessive fear, irreversibly aggravated in certain situations and not amenable to a complete logical explanation. As a result of the development of a phobia, a person begins to be afraid and, accordingly, to avoid certain objects, activities or situations.
For example, in case of aichmophobia, a person tries by all means to avoid sharp objects with which he is afraid of injury or injury to other people. In the case of aquaphobia, he is afraid to swim, and with claustrophobia he rises upward exclusively along the stairs, as he is afraid to be in a closed elevator. A phobia is relatively easy to win at the beginning of its occurrence, but it can be fixed in the human psyche and intensify with time.
In psychoanalysis, an obsessive neurosis is also considered a phobia, in which anxiety becomes the leading and motivating symptom of a behavior. In this sense, a phobia is understood as a synonym for phobic disease or disturbing hysteria .
In the special medical-psychiatric sense of the word, only a very small part of the terms below can be called a phobia as a “clinical condition that requires psychological correction.” In particular, if fear is out of control of a person and interferes with his normal life activity, then a diagnosis of panic disorder [9] [10] or a specific phobia can be made.
To identify phobic disorders, anxiety and phobias are often used, the so-called Zang scale for self-assessment of anxiety [11] .
Term Evolution
The word “phobia” has undergone complex transformations in use, and nowadays often by “phobias” are meant not only pathological fears, but also an irrational, sharply negative attitude towards someone, anything. Some of the words below are neologisms , for historical reasons, having a word basis - phobic and meaning not phobias in a clinical sense, but rather an irrational negative attitude to something that does not have a pathological character. For example, this is the origin of the words xenophobia , Russophobia , antiphobia and homophobia .
Therapy
The behavioral approach explains the phobia according to the theory of Ivan P. Pavlov as a reflex convention on conditioned fear from a certain stimulus (being a threatening factor), which did not complete the extinction process because the sufferer avoids the constant influence of the threatening factor. The constant gradual effect of the stimulus will lead to the extinction of the conditioned reflex - the phobia.
The most common method of treating phobias is the gradual “rapprochement” of the patient with the object of his fear, combined with the use of relaxation methods and cognitive-behavioral therapy . This technique is known as systematic desensitization . For example, if a person is afraid of dogs, then it is necessary to gradually bring a dog closer to him, first - in a muzzle and on a leash, then - without a muzzle, and then without a leash. The process of “rapprochement” can be started only after the psychologist has determined the cause of fear, conducted a set of corrective measures and taught the patient relaxation skills [12] . For the treatment of phobias is also used the method of implosive therapy . This technique is similar to the technique of systematic desensitization, but it does not use prior relaxation training. This technique is faster than systematic desensitization, but it causes intense discomfort in the patient, which imposes certain restrictions on its use [13] . To eliminate anxious thoughts about the phobia object, the “ thought stop ” method can be used [14] .
See also
- List of phobias
- Anxiety
- Fear
- Children's fear
- Neurosis
- Psychoanalysis
- Contraphobia
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Disease Ontology release 2019-05-13 to 2019-05-13 to 2019.
- 2 1 2 Monarch Disease Ontology release 2018-06-29sonu - 2018-06-29 - 2018.
- 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) , Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, p. 190, 197–202, ISBN 978-0890425558
- 2 1 2 3 American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) , Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, p. 204, 218–219, ISBN 978-0890425558
- ↑ 1 2 Hamm, AO Specific phobias. (English) // Psychiatric Clinics of North America . - 2009. - September ( vol. 32 , no. 3 ). - P. 577-591 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.psc.2009.05.008 . - PMID 19716991 .
- ↑ Specific Phobias . USVA . The date of circulation is July 26, 2016. Archived July 14, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 Anxiety Disorders . NIMH (March 2016). The date of circulation is July 27, 2016. Archived July 27, 2016.
- ↑ Perugi, G; Frare, F; Toni, C. Diagnosis and treatment of agoraphobia with panic disorder. (English) // CNS Drugs : journal. - 2007. - Vol. 21 , no. 9 - P. 741-764 . - DOI : 10.2165 / 00023210-200721090-00004 . - PMID 17696574 .
- ↑ Kirillov, I. O. Agoraphobia and panic disorder: treatment (review) . Archived April 14, 2004.
- ↑ Edmund J. Bourne, The Anxiety & Phobia Workbook, 4th ed , New Harbinger Publications, 2005, ISBN 1-57224-413-5
- ↑ Zung WWK. A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics. 1971; 12: 371-379
- ↑ The process of treating phobias and panic attacks . Archived May 5, 2009.
- ↑ Romek V. G. Behavioral fear therapy
- ↑ Martha Davis, Elizabeth Robbins Eshelman, Matthew McKay. The relaxation & stress reduction workbook . - Oakland, USA: New Harbiner Publications Inc., 2008. - 294 p. - ISBN 1-57224-214-0 .
Literature
- Kotro J., Mollar E. Cognitive therapy of phobias // Moscow psychotherapeutic journal . - 1996. - № 3.
- Stephen Juan. The oddities of our phobias: Why are we afraid of flying on airplanes? / A series of "Entertaining Psychology", 2011 - LLC Group of Companies RIPOL Classic (rus.), 2012.
- Freud Z. Analysis of phobias of a five-year-old boy (The Case of Little Hans, 1909)
- Berger J. Quand Freud parle des phobies / La Phobie. Paris: ALI, 2008
- Chemama, R. La. Paris: ALI, 2008
- Lacôte C. Notes sur la phobie / La Phobie. Paris: ALI, 2008
- Lacôte C. Remarques sur l'espace phobique / La Phobie. Paris: ALI, 2008
- Lerude-Flechet M. 'Le goût de la chambre' Etude clinique de la phobie / La Phobie. Paris: ALI, 2008
- Melman C. Le noeud phobique / La Phobie. Paris: ALI, 2008
- Melman C. Le nouage borroméen dans la phobie / La Phobie. Paris: ALI, 2008
- Penochet JC Critique de l'espace phobique / La Phobie. Paris: ALI, 2008
Links
- The manifestation and distinctive signs of phobias
- Phobias and objects of fear
- Getting rid of phobias - stress prevention
- Diagnostic criteria for a specific phobia (English) in the directory DSM-IV
- Social phobia // www.s-anxiety.ru
- Phobias - a telecast with the participation of a psychotherapist of the highest category Bobina L. A.
- ICD-10. Class V. Mental and behavioral disorders (F00 — F99). Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (F40 — F48)