Saraichik ( kaz. Saraishyқ , Kishi Saray , Small Saray [1] , Small Palace [2] , from Pers. سرای - palace ) - an ancient city of the XIII-XVI centuries. on the right bank of the Ural River , near and on the territory of the modern village of Saraichik, Makhambet district, Atyrau region in Kazakhstan , 50 kilometers north of the modern city of Atyrau [1] [2] . In a number of Persian and Arabic sources it was called Saray-Dzhuk, Sar-Uchug and similar names [2] . Initially, one of the cities of the Golden Horde on the ancient trade route from Europe to China through the Volga region and Khorezm [1] . In 1242–1280, the capital was Ulus Shibana . The capital and the only reliable city of the Nogai Horde until destruction in 1580, under Kasym Khan - as part of the Kazakh Khanate [3] .
| Ancient city | |
| Shed | |
|---|---|
| kaz. Sarayshy | |
 | |
| Modern location | Saraichik , Makhambet district , Atyrau region , Kazakhstan |
Content
History
Pre-Mongol period
The version of the pre-Mongol strata takes its base, probably from the Soviet historian Sergei Tolstov , who believed that “the city was built in the XI century., And maybe in the X century. Khorezm colonists on the way to the Lower Volga region ” [4] . Excavations carried out in 1996-2000. and earlier, the pre-Mongol strata were not revealed in the settlement [5] [6] .
The Golden Horde Period
It was founded in the Mongolian period in the place where the winter nomadic rate was located [7] . The time of occurrence dates back to the XIII century [5] , according to A. V. Pachkalov, to the beginning of the XIV century, the first half of the reign of Uzbek Khan [6] [8] . The earliest coins belong to the reign of Khan Tokhta [5] [6] . Ibn Battutoy was first mentioned in the 1330s [6] . According to the researcher of the settlement, located south of Saraichik, Lev Galkin, “Saraichuk assumed the role of the flooded Laati (Ak-Tobe settlement)” [6] .
According to legend, about which the historian Abu l-Ghazi writes, the city was founded by Batu . Until the end of the XIV century it was not surrounded by a wall [7] . In the fourteenth century, it flourished due to the strategic position on the routes from the capitals of the Golden Empire to Khorezm, connecting the countries of Europe and Central, Central ( Sogdiana ) and East Asia ( China ). A coin was minted [2] [9] .
Saraichik was one of the largest cities of the Golden Horde, and the center of urban agglomeration (there are a number of fortifications destroyed by economic activities of the 20th century, Aktobe-Laeti settlement is located on the outskirts of Atyrau. Judging by archaeological finds, in particular, vessels with inscriptions, Saraichik was a city with developed culture [6] . The town had a unique water supply and sewerage ceramic pipes [2] . There metallurgy and pottery production [9] . Its inhabitants also engaged in crafts, melon growing , horticulture and fishing Twomey. The strategic location, linking East and West, has made the city a major center of trade.
The Arab traveler and geographer Ibn Battuta, the author of the notes Traveling in Desht-i Kipchak, describing his stay in Saraichik in 1334 , reports about the ferries on the Uly-su channel that reminded him of Baghdad . The outskirts of the city were a kind of resort center; noble people from all over the Horde came here to hunt and fish.
The city stood on the northern branch of the Great Silk Road [6] . Florentine financier in his reference book , compiled between 1338 and 1342, mentions Saracanco when describing the important trade route from Tana to Khorezm [6] .
On Abul al-Ghazi in Saraichik, the khans Berdibek and Dzhanibek were buried and buried [5] [6] .
In 1395, destroyed by the forces of Tamerlane [1] [2] . There is no exact data on the number of surviving residents.
After the defeat, Tamerlane shifted to the southeast, to the Sorochinka duct [2] .
Nogai period
The city was rebuilt in the 30-40s of the 15th century, and from the second half of the 15th century (1490s) it became the capital and the only reliable city of the Nogai Horde until destruction in 1580, under Kasym Khan - as part of the Kazakh Khanate [3] [1 ] ] [2] . Here was the headquarters of the khans of the Nogai Horde and the Kazakh khan Kasym.
It is believed that seven khans were buried in Saraichik: the Golden Horde - Sartak , Berke , Toktakiya , Janibek [6] (according to other sources, Mengu-Timur ), the Kazakh - Kasym, the Nogai - Izmail and Uraz.
In the 16th century, natural exchange prevailed in Saraichik [6] .
After the campaign of Nechai and Bogdan Barbosi, in 1580 the city was conquered and burned [10] [2] , completely defeated [1] by the "thieves", that is, uncontrollable Moscow, Cossacks [1] [10] [11] . The city was so ruined that the inhabitants moved to Khiva [11] . In 1640, with the permission of the rulers of Saraichik, 2 kilometers upstream of the ruins of the ruins of Saraichik [11] , the Russian migrants laid the fort - the Saraichik fortress, which laid the foundation for a new settlement history [10] . At the place of the fortress appeared Saraichikovskaya village [10] , then - the village of Saraichikovskoy Makhambet district of the Guryev region of the Kazakh SSR [1] [2] .
Excavations
In 1769, the ruins of Saraichik were visited by the scientist and traveler Peter Simon Pallas [11] .
Exploratory excavations of Saraichik were carried out in 1861, 1937 and 1950. [1] During excavations in 1861, headquarters captain A.E. Alekseev found many marble fragments, tiles of a kind of brick, and in the ancient graves near Saraichik a large number of gold, silver and copper jewelry and coins [10] [11] . In 1937, excavations were carried out by a specialist in the field of archeology of the Lower Volga Region Nikolay Artyuzov (1899-1942) [12] [13] . Excavations were carried out in 1950 by Alkey Margulan , in the 1980s. - Lev Leonidovich Galkin, in the 1996–2000s. - Zaynolla Samashev [5] and others [2] .
The layers of the 14th century were studied mainly, buildings from adobe and less often burnt bricks, water pipes from ceramic pipes, traces of crafts were found. Among the finds are household items, works of applied art [2] .
Coins of the XIII-XVI centuries, hum with excerpts from the poem of Yusuf Balasaguni , a kauri shell reflecting the distant connections of the city, stamps covered with Arabic script were found on the site of the settlement. The largest number of coin finds dates back to the 14th century [6] . The earliest coins belong to the reign of Khan Tokhta [5] [6] . Coins of Crimean khans of Gireev were found : Haji and Mengli [6] .
Our days
Currently, next to the historical monument is located the village of Saraichik, Makhambet district, Atyrau region [2] [1] . As a result of washing the Ural River, the historical layer is irretrievably destroyed. In 1999, a memorial complex “Khan's Headquarters - Saraichik” was erected in these places.
See also
- Old barn
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shed // Belt - Safi. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 22).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Saraichik / I.V. Volkov // Romania - Saint-Jean-de-Luz [Electronic resource]. - 2015. - P. 413. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 29). - ISBN 978-5-85270-366-8 .
- ↑ 1 2 Nogai Horde / Trepavlov V.V. // Nikolay Kuzansky - Ocean. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2013 .-- S. 255-256. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 23). - ISBN 978-5-85270-360-6 .
- ↑ Proceedings of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition / Ed. S.P. Tolstov and T.A. Zhdanko. - M .: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1958. - T. 2: Archaeological and ethnographic works of the Khorezm expedition. 1949-1953. - S. 12. - 811 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tasmagambetov I., Samashev Z. Saraichik. - Almaty: PF Berel, 2001. - 320 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Pachkalov A.V. New books on archeology and numismatics of the ancient settlement Saraichik // Questions of history and archeology of Western Kazakhstan. - Uralsk, 2007. - No. 1 . - S. 308-331 .
- ↑ 1 2 The Golden Horde / Trepavlov V.V. // Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vol.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.
- ↑ Pachkalov A.V. Time of origin of the city of Saraichuk: numismatics and archaeological materials, written sources // International (XVI Ural) archaeological meeting. Materials of the international scientific conference. - Perm, 2003.
- ↑ 1 2 Pachkalov A.V. Coins of the city of Saraichuk // Eighth All-Russian Numismatic Conference. Abstracts of reports and messages. - M. , 2000 .-- S. 82-84 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Saraichik // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1900. - T. XXVIIIa. - S. 399-400.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 About the ruins of the Tatar city of Sarail-Jadita // Ural Military Gazette . - 1867. - July 23 ( No. 30 ). - S. 2-7 .
- ↑ Arzyutov N.K. Report on excavations carried out in 1937 on the site of the ruins of the Zolotaya Horde city of Saraichik // Izvestia AN KazSSR. Archaeological Series. - 1949. - Issue. 2 . - No. 67 .
- ↑ Arzyutov Nikolai Konstantinovich (1899) . Open list. Date of appeal April 16, 2019.
Literature
- Saraichik // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1900. - T. XXVIIIa. - S. 399-400.
- Shed // Belt - Safi. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 22).
- Saraichik / I.V. Volkov // Romania - Saint-Jean-de-Luz [Electronic resource]. - 2015. - P. 413. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 29). - ISBN 978-5-85270-366-8 .
Links
- Atyrau Regional Museum of Local History . UNESCO Office in Almaty. Date of appeal April 16, 2019.
- Fedorov, Jacob. Saraishyk is the ancient capital of Kazakhstan . yvision.kz (August 25, 2017). Date of appeal April 16, 2019.