Meteorology in sailing - the application of meteorology and oceanology in racing and sailing.
Applied meteorology and oceanology is used both in sailing regattas and in yachting [1] . On meteorological parameters, forecasts are based on transoceanic races, coastal races of the America's Cup , and Olympic races . In yachting, warnings about difficult weather conditions and strong excitement are important.
Content
Predictions on transoceanic routes
Participants in transoceanic regattas use forecasts of wind, waves and ice conditions [2] [3] . In digital optimization models, data on currents, waves, and a polar diagram of the speed of the yacht relative to the direction of the wind (polar) are selected as input parameters. Optimization is achieved by dynamic programming methods when sorting through an array of possible yacht trajectories. Well- known navigation applications include Expedition , MaxSea TimeZero , Adrena, Deckman for Windows, Raytech Navigator / Sail Racer, Sailplanner, SailFast, OpenCPN or SailGrib . Most of the digital data used in the on-board computer calculations of the yacht comes in GRIB file format.
Other meteorological and oceanic factors related to transoceanic regattas are the temperature of the ocean surface, especially the upper 2-6 meters and the temperature difference between the ocean and the atmosphere, which affects the amount of heat flux from the ocean and the rate of development of local convection during the day. Knowing the location of drifting ice and glaciers plays an important role in the polar regions.
Predictions for America's Cup Regattas
At the 2010 regatta in Valencia , the teams included not only meteorological support boats, but also ultralight airplanes that measured wind speed in the near-surface boundary layer [4] . In addition, the teams created their own meteorological buoys and compact Doppler lidars [5] . New radar methods make it possible to use the reflection of a signal from gravitational waves at frequencies of 3-30 MHz for mapping surface currents immediately over the entire water area [6] .
Olympic Race Forecasts
In Olympic classes, general weather conditions are predicted before the competition on the basis of the climatology of the water area, archival statistics and calculations on mesoscale numerical models [8] [9] . Historical data is based on an archive of ground-based measurements. The program of centralized weather forecasts in the Olympic classes was initiated at the 1996 Olympics [10] [11] . Starting from the 21st century, studies in the Olympic waters are carried out using an array of special meteorological buoys [12] . Remote sensing satellites equipped with scatterometers are also used [13] .
Climate information helps assess the likelihood of sea breezes or calm winds. The meteorological forecast at the Olympic Games in Athens estimated the probability of occurrence of local meltemi- winds and predicted the time of occurrence of the sea breeze [12] . During competitions, many local factors influence the behavior of the wind and the oscillation period of its direction. In addition to the official weather forecast, meteorological teams of combined teams record and accumulate local statistics from their own weather stations and perform simple measurements of tidal currents using the simplest drifting buoys. In the national teams of Great Britain and the USA, meteorologists are constantly included in the staff of the coaching team [8] [14] .
In Poland, weather forecasts for the Olympic classes were initiated by Peter J. Flatau, along with a team from the . They made a prediction for the pre-Olympic competitions in Qingdao using the mesoscale COAMPS model. The structure of the sea breeze during the pre-Olympic week of 2006 was analyzed in a publication [15] .
The organizers of the Olympic Regatta in Qingdao in 2008 used the Doppler lidar to scan the surface wind pattern over the race distance in real time [16] .
The book of British meteorologists David Houghton and Fiona Campbell describes the forecast of the sea breeze for various water areas where regattas are held in Olympic classes [7] . One of the first forecasts developed specifically for Olympic sailing was created for the 1996 Olympic Games for the Savannah region on the Atlantic coast [17] .
Notes
- ↑ Singleton, 1981 .
- ↑ Mills, GA, Mesoscale cyclogenesis in reversed shear - The 1998 Sydney to Hobart yacht race storm, Australian meteorological magazine, 50 , 29-52, 2001
- ↑ Greenslade, DJM, A wave modeling study of the 1998 Sydney to Hobart yacht race, Australian Meteorological Magazine, 50 , 53-63, 2001
- ↑ BMW ORACLE Racing Weather Team
- ↑ Dan Corcoran // Racer's Edge Laser Wind Sensor. panbo.com. 2010-03-10 .
- ↑ Garfield, N .; Hubbard, M .; Pettigrew, J. Providing SeaSonde high-resolution surface currents for the America's cup, Edytorzy Rizoli White, J .; Williams, AJ, III, 2011 Proceedings of the IEEE / OES 10th Working Conference on Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurements (CWTM 2011) Pages: 47-49 Published: 2011 DOI: 10.1109 / CWTM.2011.5759522
- ↑ 1 2 Wind strategy, 2015 , 8. Sea breeze with gradient wind.
- ↑ 1 2 Wind Strategy, 2005 .
- ↑ Wind Strategy, 2015 .
- ↑ Mark D. Powell and Stephen K. Rinard, Marine Forecasting at the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games, Wea. Forecasting, 13, 764-782, 1998.
- ↑ Spark, Elly, Gregory J. Connor, Wind forecasting for the sailing events at the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic games. Wea. Forecasting, 19, 181–199, 2004.
- ↑ 1 2 A. Pezzoli, Observation and analysis of etesian wind storms in the Saroniko Gulf, Advances in Geosciences, 2 , 187–194, 2005
- ↑ X. Li, Coastal wind analysis based on active radar in Qingdao for olympic sailing event, http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVII/congress/8_pdf/6_WG-VIII-6/02.pdf
- ↑ Barry Bearak // A Valued Adjunct to the US Sailing Team. The New York Times. 2012-08-04 .
- ↑ Chunyan Sheng; Ming Xue; Shouting Gao, The structure and evolution of sea breezes during the Qingdao Olympics sailing test event in 2006, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 26 , 132-142, 2009
- ↑ Jacqueline Hewett // Doppler lidar gives Olympic sailors the edge. optics.org. 2008-07-03 .
- ↑ McLaughlin, MR, and LP Rothfusz, 1996: Providing weather support for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS SR-179. NWS Southern Region Headquarters, Fort Worth, TX. 40 pp.
Literature
- Frank Singleton. Weather Forecasting for Sailors. - London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1981. - ISBN 0-340-25977-9 .
- David Houghton and Fiona Campbell. Wind Strategy. - 2005. - ISBN 978-1-904475-12-5 .
- David Houghton, Fiona Campbell. Wind strategy = Wind Strategy / L.V. Dubeykovsky. - Nizhny Novgorod: DECOM, 2015 .-- 144 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-89533-344-0 .