Programmed cell death , or programmed cell death [1] , or programmed cell death [2] ( PCG , Eng. Programmed cell death ) - cell death that occurs due to programmed intracellular processes. By the second decade of the 21st century, there are more than ten known types of programmed cell death. Since 2005, the Nomenclature Commitee on Cell Death Committee has been involved in the classification of cell death types. Programmed cell death has been described for all large groups of eukaryotes : animals , plants , fungi , mucus, and even single-celled organisms (e.g., yeast ). PCH performs many functions both at the cell level and at the level of the whole organism: in animals it plays a crucial role in development , with its help damaged cells are eliminated, in plants it is involved in the formation of tissues consisting of dead cells, such as xylem . Programmed cell death is known not only in eukaryotes: several types of programmed death have been described in bacteria [3] . All types of programmed cell death can be divided into external, which are triggered by signals from outside the cell, and internal, caused by disturbances in the functioning of cells [4] .
Content
- 1 Classification
- 1.1 Lysosome-dependent cell death
- 1.2 Autophagy-dependent cell death
- 1.3 Immunogenic cell death
- 1.4 Internal apoptosis
- 1.5 External apoptosis
- 1.6 Necrosis dependent on permeability of mitochondria
- 1.7 Necroptosis
- 1.8 Ferroptosis
- 1.9 Pyroptosis
- 1.10 Partanatosis
- 1.11 Entosis
- 1.12 NEToz
- 2 Invertebrates
- 3 In plants
- 4 In mushrooms
- 5 In the mucus
- 6 In bacteria
- 7 Physiological significance
- 8 History of study
- 9 notes
Classification
From the point of view of morphology , three main types of programmed cell death have been distinguished for a long time:
- Cell death of type I, or apoptosis . With this form of cell death, compression of the cytoplasm , condensation of chromatin , fragmentation of the nucleus, and the so-called cell membrane , that is, budding of vesicles from it. In the end, the entire contents of the cell breaks down into vesicles (apoptotic bodies), which are phagocytosed by neighboring cells and cleaved in their lysosomes .
- Cell death of type II, or autophagy . During autophagy, many vacuoles are formed in the cytoplasm of a collapsing cell, which are then phagocytosed and destroyed by neighboring cells.
- Cell death of type III, or necrosis . Necrosis is characterized by the complete absence of traits inherent in apoptosis and autophagy. The remains of the destroyed cell trigger inflammation [4] .
Later, a more complex classification of types of programmed cell death was adopted, which is built not on morphological details, but on genetic , biochemical , pharmacological and functional features. However, the types of death identified in this way are further divided into two groups according to morphology: one group includes types of death that are morphologically close to apoptosis, and the other - those that are morphologically close to necrosis. Thus, each type of programmed cell death has its own set of properties, from completely apoptotic to completely necrotic [4] .
As of 2018, the following types of programmed cell death are distinguished [4] :
- Lysosome-dependent cell death ( English Lysosome-dependent cell death, LDCD );
- Autophagy-dependent cell death ( Autophagy-dependent cell death, ADCD );
- ( born Immunogenic cell death, ICD );
- Internal apoptosis ( English Intrinsic apoptosis );
- External apoptosis ( English Extrinsic apoptosis );
- Mitochondrial Permeability-related Necrosis (MPT) ( MPT-driven necrosis );
- Necroptosis ( English Necroptosis );
- Ferroptosis ( English Ferroptosis );
- Pyroptosis ( English Pyroptosis );
- ( English Parthanatosis );
- Entosis ( Eng. Entosis );
- NEToz ( English NETosis ).
Lysosome-dependent cell death
Lysosome-dependent cell death begins with disorders of cell homeostasis and permeabilization (permeability changes) of lysosome membranes . It is observed in many pathophysiological processes: inflammation, tissue remodeling (for example, breast tissue remodeling after lactation ), aging , neurodegenerative diseases , cardiovascular diseases and the response to intracellular pathogens [4] .
After permeabilization of the lysosome membranes, the contents of the latter enter the cytosol , where, among other things, proteolytic enzymes of the cathepsin family are destroyed, which destroy the contents of the cell. The processes preceding the permeabilization of lysosomal membranes and triggering it are not entirely clear. In some conditions, it occurs after permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane during internal apoptosis. In other cases, permeabilization of lysosome membranes occurs earlier than mitochondrial membranes with the participation of protein . An important role in triggering an increase in the permeability of lysosomal membranes is played by reactive oxygen species [4] .
Autophagy-dependent cell death
Autophagy-dependent cell death involves activation of the molecular mechanisms of autophagy (all or part) that lead to the formation of - double- membrane vesicles [5] [6] . Autophagy is an important process that forms part of the cellular response to stress, so its disorders lead to a variety of developmental defects and diseases. In Drosophila, autophagy is involved in the renewal of the lining of the middle intestine and the degradation of larval salivary glands . Autophagy-dependent cell death contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of diseases in humans . For example, in some pathological conditions, neurons die along the path of autophagy. A type of autophagy-dependent cell death involving Na + / K + -ATPase is known as autosis [4] .
Immunogenic Cell Death
Immunogenic cell death refers to those types of cell death that are accompanied by the activation of an adaptive immune response directed against endogenous (cellular) or exogenous ( viral ) antigens that a dying cell expresses . Relatively few factors cause immunogenic cell death: viral infections , some anticancer drugs (for example, anthracyclines and ), some types of radiotherapy , as well as photodynamic therapy based on hypericin . Typically, an immune response is triggered by the following damage -associated molecular patterns ( ) expressed by a dying cell: , ATP , HMGB1 protein, , nucleic acids derived from cancer cells , and annexin A1 [4] .
Internal Apoptosis
Various changes in the environment of the cell trigger internal apoptosis: the absence of growth factors , DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress (EPR), reactive oxygen species , DNA replication dysfunctions, mitosis defects, and microtubule dysfunctions. Cells dying by apoptosis retain the integrity of the plasma membrane and some metabolic activity. They disintegrate into vesicles - apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed by other cells. The critical stage of internal apoptosis is the irreversible permeabilization of external mitochondrial membranes, which is controlled by various proteins of the family. As a result, proapoptotic factors enter the cytosol, which are located in the . The most important of these is the respiratory chain protein cytochrome c . In the cytosol, it binds to the APAF1 protein and pro-caspase 9, forming a complex known as the apoptosome . In it, caspase 9 is activated, forming dimers , which cut themselves and thereby activate, and begins to activate other caspases , introducing cuts into them. Caspases are proteases that destroy all the proteins of a cell and cause cell death [4] .
External Apoptosis
External apoptosis is triggered by changes in the cell. A key role in triggering external apoptosis is played by two types of cell membrane receptors : death receptors , which are activated by binding to the ligand , and receptors, which are activated when their ligand concentration drops below a certain value. Death receptors include, for example, and a number of other receptors for the superfamily of tumor necrosis factors ( Eng. Tumor necrosis factor, TNF ). When the death receptor is activated, a special multi-protein complex is assembled at its intracellular part - DISC (from the English death-inducing silencing complex ). It regulates the activation and functioning of caspase 8 (or, in some cases, caspase 10). Following it, other caspases are also activated, which destroy cellular proteins and lead to its death [4] .
Mitochondrial Permeability Necrosis
MPT-dependent necrosis begins with special changes in intracellular conditions, such as severe oxidative stress and a significant increase in the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol. The abbreviation MPT comes from English. mitochondrial permeability transition - a violation of the permeability of mitochondria, since in this type of cell death the inner mitochondrial membrane becomes permeable to small molecules , which leads to the disappearance of the electrochemical gradient on it, the osmotic destruction of both mitochondrial membranes and ultimately cell death in the form of necrosis [4] .
Necroptosis
Necroptosis is caused by various changes in the internal and external environment of the cell, which are detected by specific death receptors (for example, Fas), pathogen recognition receptors (for example, Toll-like receptors 3 and 4 ), as well as protein binding to Z-DNA . Morphologically, cell death occurs in the form of necrosis. The protein kinases and , which are activated by receptors, play a critical role in triggering necroptosis. Necroptosis is not only associated with the body's response to stress, it ensures the death of defective organisms before birth and is involved in the regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostasis in the adult body [4] .
Ferroptosis
Ferroptosis, as a rule, is preceded by serious damage to cellular lipids as a result of the formation of reactive oxygen species and the appearance of free iron ions in the cell. Lipid oxidation occurs precisely due to iron ions, for which this type of cell death got its name [7] . Morphologically, ferroptosis is a necrosis in which serious damage to the mitochondria occurs: they shrink, cristae disappear in them, and the outer membrane is destroyed. Caspases and autophagy proteins are not involved in ferroptosis. In this type of cell death, some polyunsaturated fatty acids , such as arachidonic acid , are oxidized , and lipid hydroperoxides are formed. Sometimes lipid oxidation can occur under the influence of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase enzymes . They are counteracted by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GSH4). Ferroptosis is also inhibited by ferrostatin-1, liprostatin-1, as well as vitamin E , coenzyme Q 10 and similar compounds with antioxidant activity, which distract the active forms of oxygen and prevent them from interacting with lipids [4] .
Pyroptosis
Pyroptosis is activated during innate immunity reactions. With pyroptosis, a special chromatin condensation occurs, which differs from chromatin condensation during apoptosis. The cell swells, membrane permeabilization occurs. In pyroptosis, the pro-inflammatory caspase 1 plays a leading role, but in some cases other caspases, for example, , appear instead. Pyroptosis is involved in the development of many pathological conditions, for example, fatal septic shock caused by bacterial lipopolysaccharides . It is the bacterial lipopolysaccharides that enter the cytoplasm of the cells of the host organism that probably play a leading role in triggering pyroptosis [4] .
Partanatosis
Partanatosis is a form of programmed cell death characterized by hyperactivation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 ( ), a protein involved in the cellular response to DNA damage. However, partanatosis can occur not only with severe DNA damage by alkylation , but also with oxidative stress, hypoxia , hypoglycemia, or inflammation. The main role in the overactivation of PARP1, especially in neurons, is played by active forms of nitrogen , including nitric oxide NO . Hyperactivation of PARP1 has effects, such as depletion of the NAD + pool and ATP (which leads to disruption of the bioenergetic and redox balance of the cell), as well as the accumulation of polymers of poly (ADP-ribose) and poly (ADP-ribose) protein in mitochondria (due to which the membrane potential is lost and the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeabilized) [4] .
ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ·
ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ· β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ . ΠΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ·Ρ. Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±Π°Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ· Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ , Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ: Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² , ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ. Π£ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ·Π΅ . ΠΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π· ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² BCL2, ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π΅. ΠΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠΈ [4] .
NETΠΎΠ·
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ² , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ½Ρ , ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π». neutrophil extracellulae traps (NET), ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ NETΠΎΠ· ( Π°Π½Π³Π». NETosis ). ΠΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡ NET ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ , Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Toll-ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ). Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠΠ, Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ , Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. NET ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²: ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ , ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ , ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡ NET Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ. NET ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ; ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ , ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ [4] .
Π£ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ , Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Ρ Π³ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ . Π£ Π³ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΠ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ, Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΈ Bcl-2 . ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Bcl-2 Π³ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ· ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ [8] . ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΠΠ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Caenorhabditis elegans . ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Ρ ΠΆΡΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ: Π² Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ 131 ΡΠ°Π·. ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΠΠ Ρ C. elegans ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ Ced-4 ΠΈ Ced-3 Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. Π ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Ced-4 ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Ced-9, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π» ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΠΠ, Ced-9 ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π° Ced-4 Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ced-3, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π°Π· ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°Π· [9] . Π£ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΌΡ , ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ , Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±Π°Π΅Ρ [10] . ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ [11] . Π£ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠΊΠΈ Drosophila melanogaster ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π· ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π°, ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΠ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ REAPER, HID ΠΈ GRIM, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡ [12] .
Π£ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Π£ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ½ , ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ , ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ , Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ , ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ) ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² . ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ , Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Ρ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠΠ, Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° c ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ. Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ β ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ -Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ -ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π°Π·Π°ΠΌ. Π Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ , Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»Ρ [1] .
Π£ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ²
Π£ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ , ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ , Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ , ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠ Ρ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ , Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. Π ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΠΠ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ . ΠΠΠ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ Saccharomyces cerevisiae ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΌ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½. Π£ Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ , ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Bcl-2, p53 , , PARP ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ. Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ². Π£ ΠΠΠ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΠΠ Ρ P. anserina ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π°Π·Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ [2] .
Π£ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ° Dictyostelium discoideum ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠΆΠΊΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΠ, ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° , ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π°, ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ [13] . ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° Π»Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ [14] .
Π£ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ
Π£ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° (ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ , Π½Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² , ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ) ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ . Π§Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½-Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ , Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π΄Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΠ, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½-ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΡ . ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ , ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°: ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ , Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ , ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ . ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ [3] .
Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎ. Π£ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ-ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±Π°ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π΅ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ . ΠΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ· Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ (Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ). ΠΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ· Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ [15] . Π£ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΠ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π° ΠΠΠ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ : Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΠ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΡΠ½Π° [16] . Π£ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° , Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ [2] .
Study History
Π‘Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ( Π°Π½Π³Π». Lockshin ) ΠΈ Π£ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΌΡΠΎΠΌ Π² 1964 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡ [17] . ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 8 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Β«Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Β». ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΠΠ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° Bcl-2 β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π° , ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ . Π ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², Bcl-2 Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ [18] . ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. Π 2002 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π‘ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΡΡ , Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΡ Π₯ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Ρ Π‘Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ½Ρ [19] , Π° Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΌΠΈ , ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ β Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡ [20] .
Notes
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