The preposition ( belor. Prynazonik ) is the official part of speech in the Belarusian language [1] . Using prepositions, the relationship between the main and the dependent word in the phrase with the indirect subordinate connection is expressed [2] .
Prepositions are unchangeable words, often without stress [3] . According to their morphemic composition, they can be divided into simple (consisting of one root morpheme : a , ab , without , pra , etc.) and complex (consisting of several prepositions: pa- paz , memory , memory , s-pa-nad ) [4] .
Many simple prepositions have several variants of pronunciation in the Belarusian language: [h] - [s] , and [d] - a [t] . For some prepositions, the variability of forms is fixed on the letter: y - ў - wa , z - sa , ab - aba [4] [5] . As a rule, in the modern Belarusian language, the emphasis does not fall on a simple pretext, however, in rare cases, the pretext may have accentological options ( for - for : for ,; for - for : by woof and some others) [6] .
Prepositional Values
The meaning of the preposition is defined as the syntactic relationship between the main and dependent components of the phrase [4] . The question of whether the preposition has a lexical meaning is debatable. On the one hand, they can be classified as words that have completely lost their lexical meaning and express only grammatical meaning. On the other hand, prepositions retain their lexical independence, are separate words and therefore must be characterized by the unity of lexical and grammatical meanings [7] .
In the modern Belarusian language, prepositions for expressed syntactic relations are divided into the following categories [8] [4] :
- spatial ( prastravorajya ) - an expression of all kinds of spatial relations existing in objective reality: relations of direction and relationship of location [9] ( vyartsa z gorda , zhyts for mujazha );
- time ( hourly ) - express the direct or figurative meaning of time : the moment in time at which something began or until which something continued; the point in time before or after which something happened; the time period during which something happened ( setting aside the descent of the sun , passing exams );
- object ( ab'ectny ) - are used in phrases in which the dependent word denotes an object or manifestation, conceived of as an object [10] . Object prepositions include:
- proper-object ( ulasna-ab'ektnaya ) - express directly an indication of a specific object [11] ( after looking after an ailment , squealing at akno );
- comitative ( kamіtatyўnyy ) - convey the meaning of compatibility, complicity, accompaniment [12] ( syabravatz z dzyachynay , vadro z vada );
- ablative ( ablateўnyaya ) - include the expression of meanings such as deliverance, estrangement, withdrawn, and the like [13] ( pazbavitstsa ad nebyaspeki , knowledgeable );
- restrictive ( limitatyny , abmezhavalnya ) - are used in phrases in which the dependent component describes either the distribution of a certain phenomenon, or the characteristic that distinguishes an object from a number of similar ones [14] ( paddyhodzitsa charz , aposhy from the edge );
- instrumental ( instrumental ) - express the relationship between an action and a method or an instrument of action [15] ( gavaryts na paide , fingers on the fingers );
- deliberative ( dyliberatyny ) - are used in phrases in which the dependent component conveys the meaning, content of the conversation, thoughts, feelings [16] ( Maryts Ab Svabodze , open right service );
- substitutions ( zamyashchalnaststsі ) - express the attitude in which one object acts as another [17] ( pracavatz for brygadzira , addat pad mortgage );
- the transition from one state to another (transition from adnago will be ў friend , transgresnyў ) - is used in phrases in which the dependent word denotes the type, state or form that the subject or object takes on its own or under the influence of some process [18] ( doshki , dispel the dust );
- measures and degrees ( measures i steps ) - expresses the relationship between the components of the phrase in which the dependent component matters the measure or degree of action or measure of manifestation of a certain attribute [19] ( wada and belt , joy without measure );
- attributive ( atrybutyўnyy ) - express relationships in which the dependent part is a qualitative or quantitative characteristic of the main component [20] . Among attributive prepositions, two classes are distinguished:
- high-quality ( yakasnya ): egg pad mayanezam , house for numbers dvatstsat chats ;
- quantitative ( kolkasny ): large for dzvesets , place on the ruble ;
- distribution ( size-rich , hole-buty ) - express the distribution relationship [21] ( perabіts na kalіva , placenta na gadzіnakh );
- accessories ( prenalence ) - express the relation of belonging [22] ( keys of an ad hut , people’s carriage );
- genetic ( genetic ) - are used in combinations in which the dependent word describes the origin, composition of the subject expressed by the main component [23] ( trail of hell , passion and pain );
- comparative ( paralnal , kamparatyny ) - are used in relations in which the dependent component denotes the object of comparison or comparison [24] (a song for азсіх , watermelons pa vadryu );
- a method of action ( method of joeyanya ) - transmit the value of the nature of the identification of a sign, process or action on circumstances related to this action [25] ( runaways without peeping , pisatz vyalikai litara );
- causal ( prychnynya ) - express the meaning of reason, motive, justification [26] ( pacharnelі ad dazhzhu , stamіstsa z darogі );
- goals ( metavia ) - a category of relations originating from spatial relations. At its core, they express the point of the end of the action, that is, what the action aspires to [27] ( paysti ры hryby , pyachenne and tea );
- approximations ( probabilities ) - express the value of inaccuracy [28] ( pachakats z hvіlіnu , atrymats kalya hundred rubles ).
One and the same preposition in different phrases can have different functional meanings depending on the semantics of the main and dependent words ( ісці ад Locality, weeping hell ), and also, if the excuse can be used with a noun in different forms, from the case ( ісці паўз ларок , іstsi paz of the stall ). In addition, homonymous phrases are possible in which the preposition expresses various syntactic relations: ( I will be yes at night - I will arrive before night falls ; I will be yes at night - I will stay until night comes) [29] .
Formation of a system of prepositions in the Belarusian language
The modern system of prepositions of the Belarusian language arose as a result of the further development of the system of prepositions, which was formed in the common Eastern Slavic language and inherited by the Old Belorussian language [30] . Prepositions such as bliz , dialect kala , mizh , syarod , side , top , circle , mima , naperadze , naporakor , naparaz , naprozi , paver , pamіma , papyaroz , parnyarz , parsenare are preserved from the time of the East Slavic period . , inners , uperadze , uparod [31] . A large number of prepositions ( without , for , to , on , over , a , ab , hell , yes , dzela , pa , pad , perad , pra , praz , pr , z , y , ceraz ), which underwent phonetic changes to different degrees, preserved from the time of the Proto-Slavic unity . Some prepositions have correspondences in other Indo-European languages , which may testify to their greater antiquity [32] .
Some of the inherited prepositions in the Belarusian language underwent such processes as integration ( b and y merged into a single preposition y ; also from and to in the modern Belarusian language they have the form h ) and disintegration (the decay of the preposition about a and ab ) [33] .
The emergence of prepositions was carried out in the same way that is observed in modern languages: the transition of significant words into the category of official [34] . For the full translation of full-meaning words into prepositions, one of three conditions must be met: to exit the use of the corresponding significant word, to acquire significant differences in the phonetic form of two words or to establish a significant gap between their meanings (transition from bifunctionality to homonymy) [34] .
During the existence of the independent Belarusian language, the system of prepositions was replenished with new constructions [33] . One of the ways for the formation of prepositions is compounding: the addition of two simple prepositions ( s-nad , pa-pa , memory , memory , paўz ) and the addition of a simple and complex preposition ( s-pa-nad , z-pa- za , z-pra- inter , somozhz ) [35] . A more productive way of forming prepositions is conversion - a transition to prepositions of significant parts of speech. Most often, the source of prepositions are detailed and less often qualitative adverbs : syrod , flood , acram , nepadalka , paver , padchas , paperadze , etc. [36] . By combining significant and official words, composite constructions emerged that perform the functions of prepositions: spoken words , extended words , extended words , written words [33] . Also, prepositions derived from nouns penetrate into the literary language from business speech: grooms , constructions with dapamogai , zlika , z metai , for kosht , on asnova , at the side and the like [37] . Among the verb forms in the formation of prepositions, participles can be involved: dzyakyuchi , turn off , turn off [3] .
Some prepositions were borrowed . For example, the Polish pretexts are prepositions of vodlugs ( wedlug ), servants , floodwaters ( pavelug ), nakstalt , nakont [38] . The Russian language had a significant impact on the formation of the Belarusian system of prepositions. Direct borrowings are shrej , obak , sharing , except , on the straight , between , okala , handy , w ў мя мя мя у у , яч эн , ў,,,,, which are used not very widely and, as a rule, in dialects. Calculation is more common: prepositions are adpaven , adnosn , sound , useful , nasustrach , usyadzin , usyadzin, and a number of constructions that perform the functions of an excuse ( tracking , for kosh , for karyts , for supralegleglac , for an hour , for example , etc.). .) are tracing-paper from the Russian language [39] .
Belarusian linguistics is characterized by the division of prepositions depending on their origin into two categories: non-derivative (non- repetitive ), which lost touch with the words from which they came, and also derivatives ( pretentious ), which retain this connection and can be classified by part of speech, from which they occur [4] .
Notes
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. five.
- ↑ Bіryla, 1985 , p. 198.
- ↑ 1 2 Fur coat, 1971 , p. 17.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Sachanka, 1994 , p. 436.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 23-27.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 26-27.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 79-80.
- ↑ Bіryla, 1985 , pp. 201-202.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 85-86.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 134-135.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 135.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 146.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 151.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 157.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 163.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 169.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 173.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 176.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 177.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 180.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 186.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 187-188.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 189.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 193.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 195.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 203.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 212.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 222.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 81-82.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. eleven.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 12-13.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 11-12.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Fur coat, 1971 , p. 13.
- ↑ 1 2 Fur coat, 1971 , p. 12.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 14-15.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 15-16.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 16-17.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , pp. 13-14.
- ↑ Fur coat, 1971 , p. 14.
Literature
- Fur coat P.P. Prynazonik at the Belarusian Move. - Minsk : BSU , 1971.
- Sachanka B. І., Mikhnevich A. Ya. Belaruskaya mov. Entsiklapedyya / Mikhnevich A.Ya .. - Minsk : "Belarus Etsyklapedyya" name Petrusya Brokki, 1994. - ISBN 5-85700-126-9 .
- Bіryla M.V., Fur coat P.P. Part 1. Fanalogiya. Arfaepiya. Marfalogіya. Words ў tvarenne. Natsisk // Belarusian grammar (ў 2 hours). - Minsk : Navuka i tehnika, 1985.