Mangup Turkus ( Crimean-Tat. Mangup Turkusi ) is a Karaite song in the Crimean Tatar language , found by Boris Kokenai in the collection of his father. The song reveals in poetic form the emotional experiences caused by the fall and destruction of the Mangup fortress in 1793 .
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Content
Manuscript Title and History
The ancient manuscript "Mangub Turkyushi", written in the Karaite language, was written by an unknown author. This text was found by the Karaite local historian and researcher Boris Kokenai when he was processing the notes of his father, Yakov Kokenai (also a Karaite collector and melamed ). The name of the work is translated from the Crimean Tatar language literally as “Mangup Song”, or, optionally, “Song of Mangup”.
Mangub Turkyuki tells about the emotional experiences of the author (calls himself “Dartley Simha” - “suffering Simha”), caused by the attack on Mangup of unknown enemies (“Dushmanlar”) and its destruction in 1793 [1] .
At the end of his life ( 1960s ), Boris Kokenai met with Karaite researcher and writer David Gumush , whom he attracted to the processing of his parental record. Gumush had to transliterate poetry (written in Jewish graphics), and then translated it into Russian and used “Mangup and Karaites” in his work as one of the main sources (the author’s death did not allow his work to be published).
Years later, researchers managed to find a few more manuscripts of this song, found in the library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (in the personal book and documentary fund of S. M. Shapshal ) and in the personal fund of Semyon Adolfovich Firkovich). All these sources became a confirmation of the authenticity of the Karaite song.
Contents
In his song, Karaite Simha describes the events of the late 18th century when the Mangup fortress was destroyed. Among the author’s poetic experiences, the researchers identified the circumstances of the capture and destruction of the Karaite fortress and their resettlement in the Crimea . In addition, the author indicates the exact date of events - 1793 (which completely coincides and precedes the events of the Russian-Turkish military clashes over Crimea). This work became the first concretizing source of the plunder and destruction of Mangup [2] [1] .
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Later, researchers confirmed that the events described in the song took place precisely in 5553 from the creation of the world (according to the Karaite calendar). The dispute is only about the attackers who destroyed the fortress. Dan Shapira believes that the “Dushmanlar” could be Russian, because it was in those days that they captured Crimea [3] . The historian Mikhail Kizilov, publishing his work “On the history of the Karaite community of Mangup”, suggested that it could be detachments of the noble Tatar family Balatukov, since this family owned these lands for a hundred years (XIX — beginning of the XX century) [4] .
Editions and translations
The first who tried to publish the Karaite poetic rarity was the Karaite scholar David Gumush in his historical research, which he never published. Although he himself completely processed the song-story about the death of the Mangup fortress.
The first publication appeared in 2001 . It was carried out by Dan Shapira in the USA in his work “A karaim poem in Crimean-Tatar from Mangup: a Source for Jewish-Turkish History” (Judaeo-Turcica III. 2001). The following year, Dan Shapira published his work in Russian in the Herald of the Hebrew University in Moscow under the title "Song of Mangup" in 1793: an unknown source on the history of the Karaites of Crimea "with three primary sources: text by Jacob Kokenai (edited by David Gumush) , entry by S. M. Shapshal and the text of Firkovich. "
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Mangub turkusi . "Encyclopedia of Crimean Karaites" (August 14, 2015). Date of treatment August 17, 2018.
- ↑ Vyacheslav Elyashevich. 36. Beth ha-kkodesh . "Karaite life . " - As follows from the Simha verse, in 1793, Mangup, which by that time had already had practically only Karaites, was attacked, after which the Karaites left the ruined city and moved mainly to neighboring Chufut-Kale. Date of treatment August 17, 2018.
- ↑ D. Shapira. A karaim poem in crimean-tatar from Mangup: a source for jewish- Turkish history // Turkish-Jewish Encounters: Studies on Turkish-Jewish Relations Through the Ages . - Turkish-jewish encounters. - Haarlem : SOTA, 2001. - P. 81-100. - 342 p. - (Turquoise series - Turkuaz dizisi). - ISBN 978-9080440944 .
- ↑ Kizilov M. B. On the history of the Karaite community of Mangup // Herald of the Hebrew University: collection. - M. - I .: Bridges of Culture / Gesharim, 2002. - No. 7 (25) . - S. 113−122 .
Sources
- "D. Shapira" "A karaim poem in crimean-tatar from Mangup: a source for jewish-turkish history." - “Turkish-jewish encounters”, Haarlem, 2001, p. 81 - 100. (English) ;
- "Shapira, Dan." '' Pesn 'o Mangupe' "1793 goda." Vestnik EUM No. 7 (2002): 283 - 294 .;
- "Mehmet Tütüncü" “A Karaim Poem in Crimean-Tatar from Mangup: a Source for Jewish-Turkish History” (Judaeo-Turcica III). ”In Jewish-Turkish Encounters. Studies in Jewish-Turkish Relations Throughout the Ages. Haarlem: SOTA, 2001: 79-100 .