Joseph Seve (or Colonel Joseph Selva [1] ) known as Suleiman Bay [1] (or Suleiman Pasha or Soliman [2] ) (May 17, 1788 Lyon - March 12, 1860 Cairo ) - French officer, participant in the Napoleonic Wars . He carried out a reform of the Egyptian army after he transferred to the service of Muhammad Ali . In Egypt, he converted to Islam , received a new name and nickname al-Farasavi ("Frenchman"). Served the four rulers of Egypt from the dynasty of Muhammad Ali .
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One of his daughters is the grandmother of Nazli Sabri, wife of King of Egypt Fuad I and mother of King Farouk .
Content
Legends
Many facts of his pre-Egyptian biography were already in doubt and controversy among contemporaries. NN Muravyov-Karsky suggested that many events attributed to the early period of Joseph Seve's life are unreliable, as they are based on his own stories [3] .
Family and childhood
One version claims that Joseph was born on Sunday, May 11, 1788 at the mill Prolières ( Fr. Prolières ) in the village of , located north of Lyon . But according to the archival data of Lyon on May 19, 1788, recorded by the vicar of Perren, he was baptized the day before (the day before yesterday). Therefore, researchers attribute the birth date of Seva to May 17.
In the baptismal record, Joseph’s father was named Antelme Seve ( French Anthelme Seve ), who was engaged in needlework, and his mother - Antoinette Zhuillet ( French Juillet ). Joseph's godfathers are Joseph Millo, a seller of soft drinks, and Mary Magdalene Dangen.
Joseph's father - Antelm Seve (1754-1832) - came from Louis . He was the son of a peasant Francois Sevoz and Catherine Bodet. After moving to the village of Lagnie, Antelm began to study as a hatter . In 1780, he moved to Lyon, where he married in 1786. At that moment, his Savoy name “Sevoz” acquired the French form “Seve”.
Joseph's mother, Antoinette (1765-1814), was born in Lyon. She was the daughter of the miller Louis Zhuillet and his wife Antoinette Desargues.
Joseph was the second of six children. In addition to him, the elder sister Antoinette was born in 1787, in 1789 - Jeanne, in 1790 - Louise, in 1791 - Louis and in 1793 - Jean Baptiste.
It is believed that Joseph with his brothers and sisters was brought up in the village of Fontaine-Saint-Martin with his mother's parents. During the revolutionary years, many priests stopped studying. Joseph did not have a penchant for studying, was notable for his violent, restless character and was a ringleader among his peers [4] .
Marine career
According to Aimee Wingtrine, on September 25, 1799 , at the age of 11 years and 4 months, Joseph boarded the Frigate Muiron in Toulon to become a midshipman on it. According to another version, until September 25, 1803, Joseph was in Lyon , and then, at the age of 15, with the consent of his father, he was recruited under the name of 18-year-old Claude Seveux and, having entered the 2nd Marine Artillery Regiment, fell into the frigate Muiron.
According to legend, he took part in the Battle of Trafalgar , held on October 21, 1805 , and was wounded in it. According to other sources, referring to the reports of September 6, 1815 and December 25, 1818, the wound was received by him much later and is associated with the episode when Joseph saved Octave Segur (1779-1818), the son of a famous figure, from death [4] .
Thanks to the recommendations, Joseph became a hussar [5] under the name Antelm-Joseph. According to his own stories, in the hussar units he fought in Italy, Germany, took part in the war with Russia (his horse was killed near Berezina ) [4] . It is believed that he rose to the rank of colonel and was an adjutant to Marshal Pear . Joseph supported the emperor Napoleon during the " Hundred Days " and took part in Waterloo under the command of Ney [6] .
The story of Suleiman Pasha
After the defeat of Napoleon, Joseph resigned, tried to marry the modist Elali Virginie Champagne, to engage in agriculture, trade. But the family did not accept the bride, and trade brought only debt. In 1819, Joseph again took advantage of the recommendation of Count Segur [4] , left France and entered the service of Muhammad Ali of Egypt .
In the new service, “Colonel Selva” turned yesterday's fellahs , nomads and blacks [7] under the command of immigrants from the Ottoman Empire (senior officer posts were replaced by Circassians, Abazins, other highlanders of the Caucasus, minor - by Turks and Arabs [8] ) into a regular army. At first, the new army was small and was based at Assuan , on the border with Nubia . But after the "Colonel Selva" strengthened discipline and carried out reforms, the army [7] showed itself on the positive side. This attracted the sympathy of Muhammad Ali, and he increased the size of the new army to 30 battalions, 800 people each. And her base was moved closer to Cairo . In addition to the reorganization of the army, “Colonel Selva” established a military school, a saltpeter and foundry, and an arsenal. But the Christian religion of Joseph Sava could impede his career growth, so he converted to Islam, becoming Soliman Bey (aka Suleiman Bey) [6] .
Not all sections of Egyptian society were pleased with the innovations of Muhammad Ali. Part of the new army joined the rebellion that swept Upper Egypt. After the rebellion was defeated, its participants were severely punished [6] .
The new army took part in the campaign in Kordofan , in the wars on Crete and in Arabia [9] .
In 1831, the number of new troops amounted to 70 thousand people, including 15 infantry regiments, 8 cavalry regiments and 3 artillery battalions [9] .
During the first Turkish-Egyptian war, Ibrahim accompanied the brigade commander [10] . After the battle of Konya, Suleiman received the title of Generalissimo (earlier, for his services, he successively received the titles aha , bey , pasha ) [4] .
In 1845, Suleiman Pasha again proved himself as Joseph Sevo. Suleiman Pasha accompanied Ibrahim during his trip to France. They visited Paris . There, Louis Philippe made Suleiman Pasha a great officer in the Legion of Honor , as a foreigner. After Paris, he and Ibrahim visited England. And only in 1846, Suleiman Pasha was able to visit Lyon, where he visited his sister Louise and the graves of his parents.
After the death of Ibrahim in 1848 and in 1849 Mohammed Ali, Abbas Pasha became the ruler of Egypt. And although he changed a lot in the politics of Muhammad Ali, he did not touch Suleiman Pasha [4] , who resigned [7] .
In 1852 , when Pierre-Louis-Honore Chavet visited Egypt, he described the "Major General of the Egyptian Army" Suleiman Pasha as "a handsome old man with white hair and a beard." Chavet described Pasha as a hospitable and affable person who adopted most of the Eastern customs (except polygamy) [7] .
In 1854, Said Pasha became the new ruler of Egypt. He restored Suleiman Pasha to his former post.
On March 12, 1860, Suleiman Pasha died of a rheumatism attack [4] .
Memory
In honor of Suleiman Pasha in Cairo, the street and square in Cairo were named. In the center of the square was a sculpture of Suleiman Pasha. But in 1954, since he was a foreigner and ancestor of the last Egyptian kings Farouk (recanted in 1952) and Fuad (recanted in 1953), the street and square were renamed in honor of the economist Talaat Harb Talaat Harb. A new statue appeared on the square, and the statue of Suleiman Pasha al-Fransawi was removed.
A statue of Suleimanu Pasha is in the in the Cairo Citadel [11] .
Mausoleum of Suleiman Pasha al-Faransavi
The statue of Suleiman Pasha on the square of the same name during the First World War
The square, bearing the name of Suleiman Pasha, in 2017
Statue of Suleimanu Pasha at the Military Museum
A tablet dedicated to Suleiman Pasha. Military Museum in Cairo
Gates of the Suleiman Pasha House in Maadi , a suburb of Cairo [12]
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Lavis, Rambo v. 4 p. 340
- ↑ Sytin Military Encyclopedia
- ↑ Muravyov N. N. T. 1. Military and political status. - Chapter 4. The military forces of Egypt. - S. 88.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 soliman-pacha.ifrance.com
- ↑ Muravyov N. N. T. 1. Military and political status. - Chapter 4. The military forces of Egypt. - S. 89.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Muravyov N. N. T. 1. Military and political status. - Chapter 4. The military forces of Egypt. - S. 88.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Pierre-Louis-Honoré Chauvet
- ↑ Muravyov N. N. T. 1. Military and political status. - Chapter 4. The military forces of Egypt. - S. 92.
- ↑ 1 2 Muravyov N. N. - T. 1. Military and political status. - Chapter 4. The military forces of Egypt. - S. 89.
- ↑ Muravyov N.N. T. 2. Military operations. - Chapter 7. Appendix: Schedule of the army of Ibrahim Pasha. - S. 132.
- ↑ Weekend Nostalgia
- ↑ Wikiguide
Literature
- Military Encyclopedia / Ed. V.F. Novitsky and others - St. Petersburg. : t. in I.V. Sytin, 1911-1915.
- Turkey and Egypt in 1832 and 1833 // From notes of N. N. Muravyov (Karsky) . - M .: Printing house of A.I. Mamontov and K., 1869.
- Pierre-Louis-Honoré Chauvet. CHAPITRE V SOLIMAN-PACHA // L'Inde française. Deux années sur la côte de Coromandel. . - 1877.
Links
- soliman-pacha.ifrance.com (French) . Archived June 1, 2006.
- Weekend Nostalgia . The Middle East Journal .