Huyay ibn Ahtab ( Huyay bin Ahtab [1] , Huwai ibn Ahtab ; Arabic. حيي بن أخطب , Hebrew חי בן אחיטוב ) - leader of Banu Nadir , the Jewish tribe of Medina in pre-Islamic Arabia . The father of Safia bandage Huyayy , the wife of Muhammad.
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His ancestor was Huyay ibn Ahtab ibn Sayy ibn Talaba ibn 'Ubaidah ibn kaab ibn Al-Hazraj ibn Abi Habib ibn Al-Nadir. He married Barra bint Samava from the neighboring Kurai tribe , and gave birth to at least one son and two daughters from her. Barra Bint Samava came from a reputable Arab-Jewish family. Her father was a poet Al-Samawal ibn Adiyah .
Huyai, according to descriptions, was a “courageous warrior” and “an educated man” [2] . Ibn Hisham, his biographer, calls him an enemy of Allah [2] .
Conflict with Muslims and expulsion from the Medina
After the Battle of Badr, one of the leaders of Banu Nadir Qab ibn al-Ashraf decided to go for Quraysh [3] . This was perceived as a violation of the Constitution of Medina, signed by Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, in which "any support" of the Quraysh was prohibited. Some sources suggest that, during a visit to Mecca, Kaab entered into an agreement with Abu Sufyan, which provides for cooperation between Quraysh and Jews [4] . Other historians cite Kaaba ibn al-Ashraf, who wrote a poetic eulogy in honor of the murdered Quraysh; later, he also began to write erotic poems about Muslim women [5] . This poetry influenced many [6] , it was considered as a document against the Constitution of Medina. Muhammad urged his followers to kill the Kaaba. Muhammad ibn Maslama offered his services. Pretending to be an adversary of Muhammad, Muhammad ibn Maslam and his comrades lured Kaaba out of the fortress at night [5] and killed him, despite his desperate resistance [7] . After the murder, Jews began to fear for their lives [8] .
In July 622, two men were killed during a shootout in which Muslims were involved. As a result, Muhammad went to Ban Nadir, demanding that they pay for the actions of the hired killer. Initially, the majority in the clan (except for Huvay ibn Akhtab al-Nadari) reacted positively to the request of Muhammad. However, when Ibn Ubayi informed Ibn Akhtab of his intention, together with the allied nomads, to attack Muhammad, it was decided to defer payment [9] and as a result were expelled from Medina. Together with the Quraysh, Banu Nadir planned the Battle of the Moat [10] .
Muhammad immediately left the area, accusing Banu Nadir of wanting to kill him, saying that he had learned it through revelation [7] (although it is possible from Muhammad ibn Maslam) [11] .
Muhammad surrounded the clan Banu Nadir. He ordered them to surrender their property and leave Medina within ten days. In Banu, Nadir first decided to obey, but the “part of the people of Medina”, who were not supporters of Muhammad, sent a message to the clan leaders, saying: “Spend (time) and protect yourself; we will not surrender you to Muhammad. If you are attacked, we will fight you. And if they send you away, then we will go with you ” [12] . Huyay ibn Ahtab decided to resist, hoping, moreover, for help from Banu Quraiz, despite disagreements within the clan [13] . Banu Nadir was rich and occupied part of the best lands of the Medina. [14] . The siege lasted for 14 days. The besieged promised no help. Muhammad ordered to burn and cut down all the palm trees around. Banu Nadir were forced to surrender [13] .
Banu Nadir marched through Medina to the sound of trumpets and tambourines on 600 camels. [7] . Most of the Banu Nadir clan found refuge among the Jews of Khaibara, the rest emigrated to Syria [13] . According to the testimony of ibn Ishaq, the leaders of Banu Nadir went to Khaibara. When they arrived in the city, the Jewish inhabitants of Khaibara began to be persecuted [15] .
Battle of the Moat
Huyai and the leaders of Banu Nadir formed a party against Muhammad. They went to Khaibar together with two leaders from the Banu Waili tribe to the Quraysh, and invited them to form a coalition against Muhammad. They persuaded the Kaftar clan to join the battle [16] , promising half the Khaibara harvest to the nomadic tribes, provided that they would oppose the Muslims [17] [18] . Abu Sufyan, the Quraish commander, using financial assistance from Banu Nadir, gathered an army of 10,000 men. Muhammad was able to recruit approximately 3,000 men. He, however, used a new form of defense, unknown in Arabia at that time: Muslims dug a trench in the places where Medina was open to attack by cavalry. The idea is attributed to the Persians who converted to Islam. The siege of Medina began on March 31, 627 and lasted for two weeks [19] . The troops of Abu Sufyan turned out to be unprepared for the resistance they encountered, and after an ineffective siege that lasted several weeks, the coalition decided to return home [20] .
In 628, Muhammad attacked Khaibara after concluding the Khudaibi Agreement . Although the Jews put up fierce resistance, the lack of a central command and the unpreparedness for a long siege determined the outcome of the battle in favor of the Muslims. When everything except two fortresses was captured, the Jews agreed on their surrender. According to the terms of the enslaving enslaving agreement, Jews were to give half of the annual output to Muslims, and the land itself became the collective property of the Muslim state [21] .
During the Battle of Khaibar, Huyay was killed, and his daughter Safia, among other representatives of the tribe, was captured.
Seeing the captive Safia, the prophet Muhammad took her as a concubine, and then freed her from slavery and married her [22] .
Notes
- ↑ East, Issues 4-6 . - "Science", 1993.
- ↑ 1 2 Gottheil, Richard and M. Seligsohn. "Huyayy ibn Akhtab." Jewish Encyclopedia . Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906; which cites the following bibliography:
- Ibn Hisham , Kitab Sirat Rasul Allah , ed. Wüstenfeld, p. 351, passim;
- Caussin de Perceval, Essai sur V Histoire des Arabes , iii. 83, passim;
- Grätz , Gesch. 3d ed., V. 100-102, 105.
- ↑ al-Zurqaani, Sharh al-Muwaahib, Vol II p. 10-12
- ↑ Rubin, Uri. The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf. Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
- ↑ 1 2 William Montgomery Watt , "Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf", in PJ Bearman, Encyclopaedia of Islam Online , Brill Academic Publishers, ISSN 1573-3912
- ↑ Philip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition (Macmillan Press, 1970), p. 90.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Stillman (1979), p. 14.
- ↑ Ibn Hisham (1955). English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 127.
- ↑ Watt (1956), p. 211-2. [ clarify ]
- ↑ V. Vacca, Encyclopedia of Islam , Banu Nadir
- ↑ al-Halabi, Nur al-Din. Sirat-i-Halbiyyah. - Uttar Pradesh: Idarah Qasmiyyah Deoband. - Vol. 2, part 10. - P. 34. Translated by Muhammad Aslam Qasmi.
- ↑ The earliest biography of Muhammad, by ibn Ishaq
- ↑ 1 2 3 Vacca, V., "Nadir, Banu 'l", Encyclopaedia of Islam Online , Brill Academic Publishers, ISSN 1573-3912
- ↑ Stillman, Norman. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. - Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979. - ISBN 0-8276-0198-0 . , p. 13-14.
- ↑ A. Guillaume, The life of Muhammad , Oxford University Press, p. 438
- ↑ A. Guillaume, The life of Muhammad , Oxford University Press, p. 450
- ↑
- Cyril Glasse, Huston Smith , The New Encyclopedia of Islam , p. 81
- JAM Caldwell, Hizb , Encyclopedia of Islam
- ↑ The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Vol. 4, p. 1137 et sqq.
- ↑ Watt (1956), p. 36, 37
- ↑ See:
- Rodinson (2002), pp. 209-211;
- Watt (1964) p. 169
- ↑ Veccia Vaglieri, L., "Khaybar", Encyclopaedia of Islam Online , Brill Academic Publishers, ISSN 1573-3912
- ↑ How to marry. Short description. - Darul Fikr. RU