Nolkino stone or Nolkino stone , Nolkino caves , Nolkino quarries , also Mountainous land and Kamennaya gora ( meadow meadow. Kры kuryk ) - the general name of underground cavities of artificial origin in the walls of the Nolka river valley , near the village of Gornyak [1] in the Sernursky district of the Mari El Republic, Russia. The dungeons are formed by the mining of quartz sandstone (the so-called "Cheremis stone"), from which millstone was made. Part of the tract “Nolkinskiy Kamen” is included in the natural and historical reserve “Mountain Zadelye”, one of the functions of which is the protection of monuments of national craft for the production of millstones [2] .
Content
Historical Review
In the 19th century, miners mined millstone by fire. With the help of fire, which was bred over a layer of millstone, the overlying layer of friable sandstone was destroyed, which cracked and sprinkled from the heat. When a layer of millstone was exposed, pieces suitable for making millstones were broken off from it. The primary processing of millstones was carried out directly in the dungeons, then they were rolled out and finally finished.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, before the First World War , stone quarries switched to blasting with gunpowder, which increased the efficiency of stone mining.
After the October Revolution, fishing began to gradually fade. The last pair of millstones was broken here in the 50s of the XX century [3] .
Quarry Unit
According to the local historian V. Sozonov, in the Nolkinsky quarries there are 4 separate mine systems located on different sides of the Pamashyal ravine and the Nolki river valley [3] :
- "East Line" (on the left bank of the Nolki River). Unlike all other systems of local quarries, it was developed by the Russian population. The most active mining was at the beginning of the twentieth century, when an artel was organized, in which not only local residents were accepted, but also newcomers, including people hiding from the authorities. Currently, open entrances are preserved here.
- "Western Line" (on the right bank of the Nolki River). Development on the right bank of Nolka was conducted by the Mari (Cheremis, as they were called before the October Revolution ). The methods of penetration used are the same. Open entrances do not exist now.
- Levopamoshyal system, Northwest Nolsky caves (Left side of Pamashyal ravine). Development of the Mari.
- Pravopamashyalsky system, Southwest Nolsky caves (The right side of the Pamashyalsky ravine). Development of the Mari.
Mining engineer Yuri Azancheev (1859-1920) provides the following socio-economic details of the Mari millstone:
Despite all the difficulties of working in the quarries of Sernurskaya and Irmuchatskaya volosts, the remuneration for over 3 months of labor from the Cheremis peasants is very moderate: 20-25 rubles for each millstone. Satisfaction with such a small income is explained by the absence in the area of other handicrafts for cultivation and the reluctance of cheremis to leave their homeland. Ready millstones, of which only about 150 are made. per year, they are sold both to district consumers and through dealers to nearby fairs, mainly to Yaransky, Kazan districts and Kazan. The price of a good millstone is 7 quarters in diameter and 13 vertex thickness, approx. 8 rubles on the spot; with a decrease in size or with imperfections, the price drops rapidly [4] .
Interesting Facts
- Most of the millstone from the "Cheremis stone" came true at the bazaar in Yaransk , which because of this was often called the "stone" [3] .
See also
- Guryevsky quarries (Tula region)
- Quarries near Moscow (Moscow region)
- Staritsky quarries (Tver region)
- Pyatnitsky caves (Oryol Oblast)
- Quarries near Kaluga
- Quarries near Ryazan
- Dungeons of Nizhny Novgorod
- Dungeons of the Samara region
Notes
- ↑ Gornyak Village // Sernursky District. - Yoshkar-Ola , 2006 .-- S. 215 .-- 320 p. - (History of villages and villages of the Mari El Republic). - 1,500 copies - ISBN 5-87898-273-0 .
- ↑ Mountain Zadelye - a complex natural reserve . promariel.ru. Date of treatment July 1, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Kuzhenersky district, Mari El, Russia, Gornyak, Nolkin Stone tract, Mining, Zolka, caves, adits, millstones, natural monument, millstones, anomalous zone, wildlife sanctuary, natural monument, Pamashyal . komanda-k.ru (March 30, 2013). Date of treatment July 1, 2018.
- ↑ Azancheev Yu. Quarries and the development of simple minerals in Russia. / Composed by mining engineer Yuri Azancheev. - Edition of the Mining Department. - SPb. : printing house of V.I.Shtein, 1894.
Literature
- O.P. Vorontsova, I.S. Galkin. Nolkin Stone // Toponymy of the Republic of Mari El (historical and etymological analysis). - Yoshkar-Ola: Publishing House of the Mari Polygraphic Combine, 2002. - P. 229. - 424 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-87898-208-0 .
- Nolkino Stone // Encyclopedia of the Republic of Mari El / Otv. ed. N. I. Saraeva. - Yoshkar-Ola, 2009 .-- S. 580-581. - 872 s. - 3505 copies. - ISBN 978-5-94950-049-1 .