Kharkov province

• In 1765, Slobozhanshchina received the official name of the Sloboda-Ukrainian province with a center in Kharkov .
• On April 25, 1780, the Decree of Empress Catherine II was signed on the establishment of Kharkiv governorate. It was “compiled” from the following counties: Akhtyrsky , Belopolsky , Bogodukhovsky , Valkovsky , Volchansky , Zolochevsky , Izyumsky , Krasnokutsky , Lebedinsky , Miropolsky , Nedrigailovsky , Sumy , Kharkov , Khotmyzhsky and Chuguevsky .
• In 1796, the governorates were abolished, and therefore in the territory of Kharkiv governorate, the Sloboda-Ukrainian province was restored, divided into 10 counties: Akhtyrsky, Bogodukhovsky, Valkovsky, Volchansky, Zmievsky , Izyumsky, Kupyansky , Lebedinsky, Sumy and Kharkov .

In 1835, the Sloboda-Ukrainian province was again abolished and in its place the Kharkov province was created, which consisted of 11 counties. In the same year, the Kharkov province was annexed to the Little Russian Governor General . The residence of the Governor General was originally located in Poltava , and since 1837 - in Kharkov . Finally, the administrative division was formed by 1856, when the province included 13 counties. Kharkov was the center of the Orthodox Kharkov diocese and the Kharkov school district , it concentrated the judiciary for the Kharkov, Kursk, Voronezh, Oryol, Yekaterinoslav and Tambov provinces and in 1864-1888 the administration of the Kharkov military district . The territory of the province was not included in the “ Pale of Settlement ”, but Jews were allowed to come to Kharkov during fairs ^[1] .

In 1838, the newspaper Kharkov Provincial Gazette began to be published. .

Zemstvo was established during the Zemstvo reform .

On February 9 (21), 1879, the governor D.N. Kropotkin was mortally wounded by the populist-terrorist G. Goldenberg . On April 7, 1879, General M.T. Loris-Melikov was appointed interim governor-general of the Kharkov province; since April 17 of the same year, he simultaneously became the commander of the Kharkov Military District.

• In 1920, the Izyum and Starobelsky districts of the Kharkov province moved to the then created Donetsk province .

In December 1919, the Zmievsky district was divided into Zmievsky and Chuguevsky districts .

• On March 7, 1923, a new system of administrative division was introduced ( district - district - province - center); Kharkiv province was divided into five districts: Kharkiv (24 districts), Bogodukhovsky (12 districts), Izyumsky (11 districts), Kupyansky (12 districts) and Sumy (16 districts) .
• In June 1925, the Kharkov province was abolished, and the constituent districts became subordinate directly to the capital of the Ukrainian SSR ( Kharkov city) .

For more details, see Counties of Kharkov Province

Settlements

In 1785, there were 1194 villages in the province, of which: 1 provincial, 14 district and 2 "destroyed" cities ; 289 settlements , 293 villages , 215 villages , 380 farms . ^[2]

Governors

Provincial leaders of the nobility

Vice Governors

Main article: Coat of arms of the Kharkov province

See also: Indirect vowel coat of arms , Coats of arms with monograms and letters

Kharkov province had two emblems:

• Sample 1775-1781-1857 and 1917/18/1919 (without crown); 1857-1878 and 1887-1917 (with a crown): “In the green shield are placed a cruciform golden cornucopia and caduceus, whose rod is also golden, and its wings and snakes are silver. The shield is crowned with the Imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by the St. Andrew ribbon. ” The coat of arms description was given according to the PSZRI with the crown, after 1857: as a result of the reform of the coats of arms of Boris Kene, the shield of the Kharkov provincial coat of arms was framed by golden oak leaves and a blue Andreev ribbon and the imperial crown . This emblem is indirectly vowel, or half-vowel with letters (the letter " X " indirectly indicates the name of the province).

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  Coat of arms of the province until 1857

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  Coat of arms of the province on the zemstvo stamp. 1896-98

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  Coat of arms of the province after 1857 in the Winkler Herbarium (1899)

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  Modern reconstruction of the coat of arms after 1857 (1990s)

• A sample of 1878-1887: “In a silver shield, a black torn horse’s head with scarlet eyes and tongue; in the scarlet chapter of the shield, a golden star with six rays, between two golden Byzantine coins. The shield is crowned by the Imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by the St. Andrew’s ribbon. ”The horse’s head symbolized the horse factories, the six-pointed star - the university, the Byzantine coins - the trade.

It is interesting that this particular emblem, which existed for only 9 years from the 160-year history of governorate / province (1765-1925; 140 years was a different emblem), is for some reason used more often in modern literature and the media as a heraldic symbol in articles about the province.

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  The coat of arms of the province, approved by Alexander II in 1878, in the official coat of arms of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (1880)

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  Coat of arms of the province in the unofficial coat of arms of Sukachov (1881)

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  Coat of arms of the province in Winkler's Herbnik (1899)

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  Modern reconstruction of the coat of arms (2000s)

After 1919, the Kharkov province did not have its own symbolism ^[3] .

Among the emblems of the cities of the province included in the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, a large percentage of the so-called vowels of the arms . These are the coats of arms of Volchansk , Miropole , Zmiev , Izyum , Sum and Novogeorgievsk . ^[four]

In 1901 , 2,773,047 people lived in the province (1,427,869 men and 1,345,178 women). In cities 395 738 or 14% of the total population, in villages - 2 377 309 or 86%. At 1 in. ² accounted for 57.9 inhabitants. The counties were unevenly populated, as settlement occurred from the west and stretched to the east. The density from 92.5 in Sumy County gradually decreased to 37.5 in Starobelsky, with the exception of Kharkov, whose population density was 139.5 due to the presence of a large city. Together with the army, retired soldiers and their families, 2,538,066 people lived in the province, or 91.6%, philistines with guilds 167,212, or 6.1%, noblemen 25,185, or 0.9%, honorary citizens 12,889 , or 0.5%, clergy 11 321, or 0.4%, merchants 10 655, or 0.3%, other classes 7719, or 0.2%. Orthodox and co-religionists were 98.5%, sectarians 0.4%, Roman Catholics 0.3%, Lutherans 0.2%, Jews 0.5%, and other 0.1%. The natural population growth in 1901 was 2% per year.
The Little Russian population was concentrated mainly in the western and southwestern parts of the province: Krasnokutsk, Nedrygailov, Akhtyrka, Belopol. The ratio of the Great Russian population to the Little Russian is 40%% to 55%, according to the source "The First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire in 1897". ^[five]

The dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron names completely different numbers: “According to the final count of the 1897 census, there were 2492316 inhabitants in the Kharkov province; 367343 of them were in cities. Over 20 thousand inhabitants had: the provincial city of Kharkov - 174 thousand, Sumy - 28 thousand, Akhtyrka - 23 thousand. The distribution of the population by counties is “Russia”. Almost all of the population (98.8%) is Russian, of which Little Russians make up about 81% (2009411); in addition (especially in cities), Jews, Poles, Germans and others live. In 1905, 2,919,700 inhabitants were considered in the Kharkov province. ”

In total, there were 17 cities and 5954 other settlements in the Kharkov province. Of the cities were: 1 provincial, 10 district and 6 state ( Belopolie , Zolochev , Krasnokutsk , Nedrigailov , Slavyansk and Chuguev ). After the city of Kharkov, the largest cities were: Sumy (28 thousand), Akhtyrka (23 thousand), Slavyansk (16 thousand) and Belopolie (16 thousand). The province has many large settlements and villages: Belovodsk (11 thousand), Derkachi (Dergachi) (7 thousand), Barvenkovo (6 thousand) and others.

National (or linguistic) composition in 1897 ^[6] :

Noble birth

Armless-Vysotsky , Borodayevsky , Donets-Zakharzhevsky , Zaremba , Zarudny , Ivanchiny-Pisarev , Kandyba , Kartamyshev , Kvitka , Kovalensky , Kulikovsky .

Farming

In 1901, there were 4 537 356 acres or 91% of the convenient area of ​​the Kharkov province in convenient land. Of the comfortable land under plowing was 52.1%, hayfields 29.9%, forest 12.9%, estates and vegetable gardens 2.3% and the rest 2.8%; of the inconvenient under roads, it was 12%, rivers, lakes, swamps 26.4%, sands 39.8%, the rest 21.8%. From west to east, the number of convenient lands decreased. The main bread for the peasant farms was winter rye and spring wheat, for the owners - wheat; winter breads prevailed in the northwestern counties, spring wheat and barley were concentrated in the southeast counties. In 1902, peasants sowed 945,145½ dessiatines: 855,913¾ dess. in their own lands, 78 917¾ dess. rented for money and 103 14 acres of the unit. The largest area of ​​403,730½ dessiatins, or 42.7%, was under wheat, 379,754 dessiatines, or 40.2%, under barley, 149,713½ dessiatins, or 15.8%, under oats and a small area of ​​11,947½ dessiatins , or 1.2%, under erysipelas. There were 12914 tobacco plantations: 593 large and 12321 small; they occupied 204 dess.; collected 17441 pounds of tobacco. Under the sowing of sugar beets were 47 919 dess.

Kharkiv province was among the regions that received food assistance during the famine of 1891-1892 .

Crafts

In addition to agriculture, the population of the province was engaged in handicrafts and other crafts, crafts, worked in local factories and factories, and went to various jobs in neighboring provinces. Handicrafts and crafts, work in factories were developed in the northwestern counties, carriage and latrine crafts in the southeast; retreat south to Yekaterinoslav and other provinces and the Region of the Don Army; there were about 15 thousand people involved in handicrafts.

Crafts included: pottery, burning charcoal, quarry, textile wool belts, rugs, the manufacture of agricultural implements and the like. There were 39 159 craftsmen (16 358 craftsmen, 14 047 workers and 8 754 students), including shoemakers and shoemakers 5972, tailors 3910, carpenters 3052, tinkers and locksmiths 2391, masons and stove-makers 2573, milliners and seamstresses 2373, joiners 2277, butchers and sausages 1659, blacksmiths 1636, breadbreads 1567 and so on. More than half of the artisans of the province lived in Kharkov - 22,684. Handicraft and craft products were consumed almost exclusively by the local population. To improve the craft in the city of Lebedin, the zemstvo opened a craft school for the teaching of carpentry, turning, basket and shoe-shoe crafts. In the village of Shtepovka, there is a vocational school for teaching blacksmithing and locksmithing, in the village of Budnik, a state-run rural educational workshop for training in the care and manufacture of agricultural implements and machinery; in the village of Mezhirichi - a pottery workshop with an exemplary mining and so on.

Industry

In 1901, there were 340 factories and plants, with a productivity of 95,505 thousand rubles a year, in total there were 38,372 workers at them. Cotton processing plants 2 (produced for 200 thousand rubles), wool 4 (1645 thousand rubles), flax, hemp and jute 4 (1515 thousand rubles), mixed fibrous substances 1 (10 thousand rubles), paper-making and printing and lithographic 36 (1211 thousand rubles), metal processing 52 (7524 thousand rubles), wood 10 (385 thousand rubles), minerals 65 (5973 thousand rubles), livestock products 14 (795 thousand rubles), nutrients 141 (75,252 thousand rubles), chemical 11 (995 thousand rubles). There were 43 factories and plants subject to excise management: 43 distilleries, 25 beet-sugar plants, 1 beet-sugar refinery and 2 refineries.

Trade

By the number of fairs of the province in the middle of the 19th century. occupied first place in the Russian Empire, there were over 400 of them ^[12] .

In the province of Kharkov in 1901, 1699 educational institutions operated with 4873 teachers and 122929 students. At the same time, there were 3 higher education institutions for men, 30 secondary schools, 1,666 institutions of higher education with 4,059 teachers and 110,922 students. For the dissemination of applied knowledge there were vocational schools, manual classes, needlework classes, gardening, gardening and other agricultural sectors. There were 12. vocational schools. For the education of the adult population, public libraries, free reading libraries, public readings, evening courses for workers and repetitive lessons for adults worked. Бесплатных народных библиотек-читален было около 300. Вечерние курсы для рабочих были открыты при 5 училищах. Повторительные уроки для взрослых работали при 5 училищах.

Действовали Харьковская духовная семинария и Императорский Харьковский университет . В 1865 учреждено Чугуевское пехотное юнкерское училище .

• Слободско-Украинская губерния
• Харьковское наместничество
• Слободская Украина

• Топографическое описание Харьковского наместничества . — 3-е издание (Харьков, 1888). — М. : Типография Компании Типографической, 1788. — 288 с.
• Харьковский календарь на 1887 год. 1337 с.
• Краснов А. Н. Рельеф, растительность и почвы Харьковской губернии . — Харьков, 1893.
• Списки населенных мест Харьковской губернии 1869, 1904, JPG
• Чернай А. Фауна Харьковской губернии и прилежащих к ней мест. Vol. 1. Фауна земноводных животных и рыб . — Харьков, 1852.

• ЭСБЕ:Харьковская губерния
• Библиотека Царское Село, книги по истории Харьковской губернии, PDF
• Карта Харьковской губернии землемера Грибовского (границы 1802-1862 гг.)
• Карта Харьковской губернии из «Атласа» А. А. Ильина 1876 года (просмотр на движке Google на сайте runivers.ru)
• Губерния на трехверстной военно-топографической карте Европейской России. (автоматизированный просмотр с современными картами и космическими снимками)