Semiskulsky redoubt

In 1743, on behalf of the governor of Siberia, Sukharev A.M. and governor of the Orenburg region I. Neplyuev. Captain Ivan Novoselov and Tobolsk surveyor Aleksei Maksheev are sent to the area between the Tobol and Ishim rivers in order to draw up a project for the construction of new fortresses on the border of the Russian Empire. Having examined the locality Novoselov and Maksheev made the necessary landcard ^[1] . In the same year, the commander of the Siberian Garrison Dragoon Regiment, Ya.S. Pavlutsky receives an order to strengthen the border from Tsarev Gorodishche (Kurgan) to Ishim. As a result, by dragoons and irregular parts 11 fortifications were built, separated from the previous ones by 20, 30, 50 versts. The latest in the list of new outposts is the Manaysky Redoubt, located on the r. Manai The geopolitical situation is changing, it becomes possible to straighten the Ishim defensive line by building new outposts southeast of Manai in Kirghiz-Kaysak territory ^[2] . On the new landcard of 1746, 6 points were marked with the caption "Redut". Among them are points on the river. Suer, at the lake. Semiskul Lake Vyalkovo, oz. Peschano, p. Emets, oz. Black

The supposed redoubt at Lake Semiskul was supposed to replace the Manai outpost, which is 44 km to the north (now on the territory of the Uporovsky district of the Tyumen region ), which had lost its relevance ^[3] .

The need to build an outpost for several reasons:

1. the location of the former line of fortifications uneven and uneconomical broken with a recess to the north;
2. Arable land, hayfields, fishing areas of the Russian population in a number of places went beyond its borders, further south, and during field work for the protection of the peasants, military teams had to be sent out ^[4] .

In 1743–1745, reconnaissance operations were carried out, the result of which were two variants of the location of shorter economically advantageous defense lines, which later would be named Novo-Ishimskaya and Presnogorkovskaya lines ^[5] . From the northern part of Lake Semiskul, a strategically important road was actively used by nomads and the Russian population. It was this path that the boyar Vasily Shulgin’s army used in 1693 before the infamous Semiskulsky massacre ^[6] .

In 1747 (according to other data in 1743), the Manai Outpost lost its relevance, and the Semiskulsky Outpost was built, and Vyalkovsky, Makeevsky and Aplitsky Stanets to the east (now Tyumen Oblast). Semiskulsky redoubt is not mentioned in documents earlier than 1750, although its construction began in 1747 (1743). In 1750, the Semiskulsky outpost was mentioned along with Morshikhinsky , Morevsky and Arlagulsky ^[7] .

The fortification was built by the colonel of the Siberian Dragoon Regiment, Yakov Stepanovich Pavlutsky ^[8] from the Tsarevo Settlement of the Settlement (now Kurgan), who headed the Siberian Dragoons Regiment ^[9] . "... already in 1743, by the forces of dragoons and discharge Cossacks on the steppe side of the Tobol River, 200 versts, 11 redoubts were built from Lebyazhy Lake to the village of Mainskaya, covering" philistine arable land and grasslands "at a distance of 20-30-50 versts from the old outposts" ^{[ 10]} “In the newly built redoubts (according to G. N. Potanin ) there were 35 people by the lake Lebyazhye, ... in the village of Ust-Malo-Kyzatskaya — 135 people. The Semisiskulsky and Vyalkovsky outposts were located to the east. ” ^{[11] The} Semiskulsky and Vyalkovsky, Makeevsky outposts and Aplyatsky stanets were located on Kyrgyz territory, that is, on the land controlled by nomads ^[12] .

In March 1755, the old outposts, including the Semiskulsky, were only guarded by two or three watchmen each. The buildings were in a dilapidated state, the guns were taken to the New Line ^[13] In 1755, it was announced “would any of the average inhabitants wish to buy the structures of the old outposts” ^[14] . Those who bought the building were allowed to move to a residence in the old outposts. After 1755, when the frontier of the empire moved away to the south, new settlers, the so-called settlers, set off on vacant land. These were state peasants from near Tobolsk, from the Tyumen Region and the Yalutorovsk District, white-scale Cossacks from the Ishimskaya line. These hunters in small groups, mostly one, two families moved for short distances towards Armizon. The mass departure of the villagers began after 1758 ^[15] .

A native of Odino village of the Semiskulsky village council, Alexander Shaporenko, with the help of Yandex Maps service, it was possible to establish the location of the fortification. He writes: “... a) the north-eastern part of Lake Semiskul, the Mokrousovsky district of the Kurgan Region, has the correct outline of an old fort with coordinates 67.09255183% 2C55.84459075; b) it is not an ordinary redoubt, for it has clear outlines of bastions and ravelins; c) the southern, western and northern bastions are clearly visible; southwestern, northwestern and part of northeastern ravelin, the southwestern part of the fort has an irregular contour, which often happened at that time, or was destroyed by agricultural activities; d) as the glacis is the shore of Lake Semiskul from the west; from the south and east, the Kurtan tract, which was often connected to the Semiskul canal and a network of swamps; (according to old maps, the direction to Ishim road (there is a dirt road and now). The diameter of the fort is 363 meters from north to south (from the corner of the northern bastion to the southern corner). The outpost is 6 hectares and is comparable to Zverinogolovskaya , Omsk , Semipalatinsk fortresses of the XVIII century.

To the south of the outpost in the late 1750s, the village Semiskul appears , which has been uninhabited since 2005.