The Central Council for Tourism and Excursions (CSTE) is a state structure run by trade unions [1] , which has been engaged in tourist and excursion services for the population in the country since 1969 with the tasks of: strengthening the material base of tourism; expansion of the network of tourist and excursion institutions; development of travel using various modes of transport; Involvement in tourist trips and excursions of the general population [2] . It has become one of the largest tourism organizations in the world [3] , serving about 26 million tourists a year and about 130 million tourists per year [2] .
| Central Council for Tourism and Excursions | |
| Date of foundation / creation / occurrence | |
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| Administrative unit | |
| Address (DEPRECATED) | |
Background
In 1926-1927, the issues of tourism as a mass movement began to be raised in the Soviet press, primarily in youth newspapers. A significant role in the popularization of tourism in the USSR was played by Komsomol organizations and the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda [2]
After the transformation of the Russian Tourist Society into the Society of Proletarian Tourism (OPT) in 1929, and then its union with JSC Soviet Tourist in the Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) in 1930, the era of development of mass proletarian tourism in the USSR began. Amateur tourism has reached such proportions that there is a need for systematic regulation of the ever-increasing needs of workers in tourism and excursions and for solving accumulated issues (personnel, etc.) that amateur public organizations could no longer control [4] .
Creation History
After the liquidation of the OPTE in 1936, it was decided to transfer the tourist and excursion business to the Soviet trade unions (the OPTE property was transferred to the AUCCTU ), which laid the foundation for a new level of tourism development in the USSR [5] :
- organization of new forms of management;
- increased monopolization;
- state investment planning;
- personnel training;
- expanding the geography of recreational activities (creating the material base for recreational tourism );
- development of social , family, amateur and physical movement;
- restriction of external tourism.
The All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was entrusted with the leadership of the organization [6] :
- local and long-distance excursions (routes of the All-Union and local significance);
- mass tourism and mountaineering;
- construction of new facilities of the former OPTE.
This period (1936–1945) was called organizationally centralized in literature [5] , aimed at improving people's health in combination with the cognitive direction of tourism. Initially, the management of amateur tourism (as part of physical education) was entrusted to the All-Union Council for Physical Culture at the CEC of the USSR [6] (later transformed into the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports ). In the same year, 1936, the CEC of the USSR adopted a resolution “On the Development of Tourism and Excursions in the Country”, in accordance with which the Tourist and Excursion Administration (TEU) was established at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. November 28, 1937 approved the "Charter of the Tourist and Excursion Administration of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions." The TEU was in charge of [5] :
- tourist routes of national and local significance;
- tourist and excursion bases;
- tourist hotels;
- property of OPTE.
In the republics of territories and regions, territorial and urban TEUs were created (where the main tourist routes took place: in Leningrad , Kislovodsk , Sochi , Riga , Simferopol , Tbilisi and others). Factory and local union committees have taken over the management and financing of tourist units. By 1940, the trade unions created a wide network of tourist sections in factories, factories, mines, construction sites, educational institutions, developed dozens of new tourist routes with the results of this year: more than 60 thousand people were served [7] . During the war, the activities of the TEU of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was suspended until 1945 [8] . It took 10 years to restore the tourism industry of the USSR to achieve the pre-war years [9] . According to the decree of the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in 1948, 20% of permits to sanatoriums, dispensaries and a camp site and 10% to rest houses were received from trade union committees at the expense of state social insurance, and the rest were paid for 30% of the cost (at the same time, permits for members were allowed families at full cost) [10] .
At the same time, there were issues of improving tourism services in rail and water transport [11] , direct investments in tourism development (capital construction, the acquisition of inventory and equipment, methodological work, training and propaganda) increased. For these purposes, during the years 1949-1954, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was spent 59.5 million rubles, and deductions (provision of preferential vouchers, state insurance funds) amounted to 94.8 million rubles. [12]
Since the 1960s, large-scale transformations began, associated with the growth of mass tourism. The functions of the Main Resort Management after its liquidation were transferred to the administration of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions [13] [14] . The central, republican regional and regional tourist-excursion departments were transformed into the Central (TsST), republican, regional and regional tourism councils [15] [16] . On May 30, 1969, a joint resolution was adopted by the Central Committee of the CPSU , the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions “On Measures for the Further Development of Tourism and Excursions in the Country,” according to which the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was given the direction of tourism and excursion work, as well as the organization of excursions in the USSR. The TSTC was transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions (TSTE) [17] .
Activities in the USSR
The Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, since its founding in 1969, has taken a number of practical measures for the development of tourism and excursions, designed to ensure the objectives of the resolution "On measures for the further development of tourism and excursions in the country." On March 14, 1969, the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions issues a resolution “On Parents with Children Admission on Tourist Routes”. Pursuant to this decision, the TSSTE approved 80 tourist family routes (with children from 12 years and older) in 1970. In 1977, 750 thousand parents with children visited 578 routes of the TsSTE AUCCTU [19] . Since 1978, in accordance with the decree of the Presidium “On Measures for the Further Development of Family Vacations,” the Center for the Development of Natural Resource Development has developed trips for families of two, three, and four people. Such permits trade unions could allocate to workers and employees for 30% of the cost or free of charge from social insurance funds [20] .
In 1970, the emblem of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions and instructions for its use and application were approved. The gear emblem (trade unions), wind roses (a symbol of tourism and excursions) with the inscription “Tourist” began to be used everywhere [21] .
Under the tourism councils, route qualification commissions and a control and rescue service were created. Also, work continued on the creation of new amateur tourist travel routes. According to the results of six expeditions organized by decision of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions in 1969 in the Sayan Mountains , Baikal , the Eastern Caucasus and the Pamirs , more than 60 hiking, mountain, water and combined routes of I-V complexity categories were formed and films were made, for example, the painting “Those Who Will Come with Us” won a prize at the All-Union Amateur Film Competition [22] . TSSTE held in 1970 its own review competition among city and regional tourist clubs [23] .
The scientific component of tourism was growing. Among the scientific institutions in the system of the Center for Economic and Political Studies, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in 1976, the All-Union Scientific Research Laboratory for Tourism and Excursions (VNILTE) was opened to study and solve leisure and tourism issues [25] . The activities of VNILTE included sociological research, consideration of proposals and testing of new samples of tourist equipment and supplies, the publication of methodological materials, for example, the wall map “Tourism and excursions in the USSR”, which was published in large numbers [26] .
At the request of TsSTE, the geographical faculties of Rostov and Belarusian State Universities in June 1977 graduates received specialties in local history, methods and organization of excursion business [25] .
On July 16, 1976, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions created a unified public tourism authority - the Tourism Center of the Central Customs Union with tasks primarily related to physical improvement, active recreation and rehabilitation of workers, their involvement in environmental and other socially useful activities. S.V. Zhuravlev, deputy chairman of the All-Union Council of the JLU of trade unions, was elected Chairman. In 1985, the federation became known as the All-Union Federation with local federations: republican, provincial and regional. The chairman of the All-Union Federation was appointed a famous tourist, Honored Master of Sports V. D. Tikhomirov [27] . One of the most popular by the end of the 1970s was hiking (cross-hiking) [28] . On May 1, 1981, the Presidium of the CSTE approved new curricula and training programs for tourist community-wide cardras, and the Central Tourism Courses were transformed into the Institute for Advanced Training of Workers of Tourist and Excursion Organizations of the CSTE with branches in Kiev , Krasnodar , Leningrad, Krasnoyarsk , Sverdlovsk , Barnaul , training centers and courses in all regions of the country [29] .
By 1981, 963 tourist organizations were working in the system of TSSTE, which could accept 361,000 people at a time. Transport travels were further developed [28] . In total, more than 340 thousand foreign tourists were accepted and served during the Olympic Games , of which the system of trade union tourism of the Central Customs Union - 118.9 thousand [30]
In connection with a joint resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions "On the Further Development and Improvement of Tourism and Excursion Business in the Country" dated October 31, 1980 No. 983, which marked a new milestone in the development of tourist and excursion business in the Soviet Union, the Center for Economic Development and Trade developed a plan related activities. To coordinate efforts, an Interdepartmental Council on Tourism and Excursions was created, which included representatives of 22 ministries and departments. Its structure included 9 working commissions and groups, as well as similar councils that worked in the republics, territories and regions [31] . Actual issues considered by the Interdepartmental Council [32] :
- Methodology for assessing the effectiveness of economic activities in the field of tourism (1983);
- The rational organization of food tourists (1984);
- Sectoral, territorial and general schemes for the development of tourism and excursions in the country (1984-1985)
- Ways and methods to increase the effectiveness of amateur tourism (1985), etc.
The implementation of these solutions contributed to the qualitative and quantitative indicators for 1981-1985 [32] for service:
- 200 million tourists;
- almost 1 billion tourists;
- 150 million participants in amateur tourism and weekend itineraries.
Economic effect [32] :
- The total volume of services increased from 1,578 million rubles to 2,100 million rubles.
The number of travel and excursion bureaus increased from 691 to 900. The number increased (1981 and 1985) [32] :
- railway flights from 9 thousand to 13 thousand;
- motor ships - from 6.4 thousand to 6.9 thousand;
- aviation - from 39 thousand to 58 thousand;
- bus - from 255 thousand to 281 thousand
The network of catering enterprises belonging to the tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions has improved and grown. Tourism over the years has acquired the features of mass, popular [33] . Tourist excursion organizations and enterprises were exempted from taxes, they were given bank loans for the development of the material base, for example, government loans at 2% per annum for the construction of such large complexes as Izmailovsky , Central Tourist House , and Tourist Hotel. After the Olympics-80, the trade unions and the CSTE paid off these loans for five years [34] .
In these years, river and sea cruises were carried out on 135 river vessels (along the Volga , Kama , Don , Lena , Yenisei , Dnieper rivers ) and on more than 20 liners across the seas and oceans. More than 12 thousand buses worked in the trade union tourism system (up to 2 thousand buses were delivered annually from the Lviv Automobile Plant and 100 Ikarus buses from Hungary). Up to 100 tourist passenger trains were leased by the TsSTE [35] .
CSTE apparatus
The structure of the Central Council on Tourism and Excursions (CSTE) in the AUCCTU consisted of a chairman, first deputy, 4 vice-chairmen, assistant chairman, secretariat and had the following structure (with related organizations) in 1987 [36] :
● Central Council for Tourism and Excursions (CSTE)
|
● Russian Republican Council on Tourism and Excursions (Moscow, Deguninskaya St., 1, building 3) [37]
|
● Павильон ВЦСПС «Труд и отдых» на ВДНХ СССР
|
● Редакция журнала «Турист»
|
Руководители ЦСТЭ ВЦСПС
- Алексей Хуршудович Абуков — Председатель ЦСТЭ ВЦСПС с 1969 по 1989 гг. [24]
- Виктор Георгиевич Пугиев — Председатель ЦСТЭ ВЦСПС с 1989 г. [38]
Деятельность в России
Преобразование советских туристских организаций в акционерные общества с начала 1990-х годов диктовалось формированием туристического рынка Российской Федерации . На базе Российского республиканского совета по туризму и экскурсиям образовалась Российская ассоциация социального туризма [38] . Правопреемником ЦСТЭ стал ЦСТЭ Всеобщей конфедерации профсоюзов СССР [39] , затем Центральный совет (после ряда переименований [40] ) акционировался в ОАО «ЦСТЭ-ИНТУР Центральный совет по туризму», который также входил в структуру Федерации независимых профсоюзов России [41] . В 1992 году на базе Института повышения квалификации работников туристско-экскурсионных организаций ЦСТЭ была создана Российская международная академия туризма (РМАТ) , ректором которой стал доктор исторических наук, профессор, учёный и крупный организатор туризма в СССР Валерий Александрови Квартальнов [42] . Функции по управлению отраслью перешли с 1993 года в ведение Комитета по туризму Российской Федерации [43] .
ОАО «Центральный совет по туризму и отдыху» (правопреемник Центрального совета по туризму и экскурсиям) к 2016 году стал крупным холдингом в сфере отечественного туризма c гостиничными и санаторно-курортными предприятиями в Москве, Московской области, Санкт-Петербурге и Ставропольском крае. Президент холдинга — В. Г. Пугиев [44] .
See also
- Виды туризма
Notes
- ↑ Постановление ЦК КПСС , Совета Министров СССР и ВЦСПС «О мерах по дальнейшему развития туризма и экскурсий в стране». 30 мая 1969 г. № 411
- ↑ 1 2 3 История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 121.
- ↑ Туризм, БСЭ , с. 279.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 146.
- ↑ 1 2 3 История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 147.
- ↑ 1 2 Долженко Г. П., 1988 , с. 105.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 154.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 159, 161.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 160.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 163.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 166.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 167.
- ↑ Постановление Совета министров РСФСР от 15 апреля 1960 г.
- ↑ Путеводитель ГАРФ, 1996 , с. 301.
- ↑ Постановление Президиума ВЦСПС от 20 июня 1962 г.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 170.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 175.
- ↑ ГАРФ . Ф. A259. (Совет Министров РСФСР (Совмин РСФСР). Оп. 48 (Управление Делами (переписка дела). Дела постоянного хранения 1979—1986 гг.). Д. 8020 (Дело о мерах по развитию туризма и совершенствованию туристско-экскурсионного обслуживания населения в РСФСР в 1986—1990 гг. и на период до 2000 г.). Л. 7.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 177.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 177-178.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 178.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 179.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 180.
- ↑ 1 2 История туризма, 2014 , с. 198.
- ↑ 1 2 История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 183.
- ↑ История туризма, 2014 , с. 197.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 184.
- ↑ 1 2 История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 186.
- ↑ 1 2 История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 198.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 192.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 194.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 195.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 196.
- ↑ Доступный, социальный и массовый туризм, 2016 , с. 119.
- ↑ Доступный, социальный и массовый туризм, 2016 , с. 120.
- ↑ Список телефонов Всесоюзного центрального совета профессиональных союзов, Центральных комитетов профсоюзов и подведомственных ВЦСПС организаций. — М. : ВЦСПС, 1987.
- ↑ Постановление Совета Министров РСФСР, ВЦСПС от 27.09.1985 № 425
- ↑ 1 2 История туризма, 2014 , с. 200.
- ↑ Постановление XIX съезда профсоюзов СССР от 27.10.1990 «О собственности профсоюзов СССР»
- ↑ Документы о правопреемственности ЦСТЭ .
- ↑ Федерация независимых профсоюзов России. Телефонный справочник. — М. : ФНПР , 1999.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 234.
- ↑ История российского туризма, 2009 , с. 309.
- ↑ История туризма, 2014 , с. 207.
Literature
- Туризм / А. Х. Абуков // Большая советская энциклопедия . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. — С. 279—280. — ( Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров ; 1969—1978).
- Долженко Г. П. История туризма в дореволюционной России и СССР — Ростов н/Д. : Ростовский государственный университет , 1988. — 8000 экз.
- Пугиев В. Г. , Разумов А. Н. , Трофимов Е. Н., Умберто Солимене, Винчецо Кондеми, Альчесте Сантуари, Кружалин В. И. , Писаревский Е. Л., Шпилько С. П. , Степуренко О. А., Сесёлкин А. И., Кальней В. А. , Шишов С. Е., Фролов А. В. Доступный, социальный и массовый туризм. Проблемы и перспективы развития в России. / Науч. ed. Е. Н. Трофимов; рецензент:В. В. Рязанский . — монография. — Москва : Университетская книга , 2016. — 503 с. — 500 экз. — ISBN 978-5-98699-216-7 , УДК 338.48, ББК 60.564.04.
- История российского туризма / Под общ. ed. д.пед.н, проф. Т. И. Власовой. — монография. — Санкт-Петербург : Издательство Д.А.Р.К., 2009. — 416 с. - 1000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-98004-030-7 .
- Багдасарян В. Э., Биржаков М. Б., Бобылев В. Ю., Житенев С. Ю., Орлов И. Б., Федулин А. А. История российского туризма / Ответственный редактор и составитель Ю. С. Путрик; Reviewers: А. А. Королев , С. И. Реснянский , К. А. Пшенко , Е. М. Николаев . — монография. — Санкт-Петербург : Федеральное агентство по туризму , 2014. — 256 с. - 1000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-4365-0131-4 , УДК 657+65.0:004, ББК 65.052с51.
- Пугиев В. Г. Дорогой созидания: профсоюзы, социальный туризм, подготовка туристических кадров / Науч. ed. Е. Н. Трофимов; рецензент: В. В. Рязанский . — научное издание. — Москва : Логос, 2013. — 213 с. — ISBN 978-5-98704-745-3 , УДК 338.48, ББК 65.43.
- Путеводитель по фондам ГАРФ: в 6 т. 1994 - 2004 = A Research Guide. State Archive of the Russian Federation /. Фонды Государственного архива Российской Федерации по истории РСФСР = Collections of the State Archive of the Russian Federation on the History of RSFSR / Ред. С. В. Мироненко. Сост.: Л.Г. Аронов, М.Н. Белова, М.Е. Голостенов и др.. — М. : РОССПЭН, 1996. — Т. 2. — 706 с. — ISBN 5-88253-008-3 .
- Перечень классифицированных туристских маршрутов на 1973—1976 г.г. . — Ленинград : Центральный совет по туризму и экскурсиям ВЦСПС, Ленинградский областной совет по туризму и экскурсиям, 1973.
Links
- История ЦСТЭ . Ссылки на документы о правопреемственности. ЦСТЭ ВЦСПС (до 27.10.1990) → ЦСТЭ Всеобщей конфедерации профсоюзов СССР (27.10.1990—27.09.1991) → АО «ЦСТЭ» (27.09.1991—23.01.1992) → АО «ЦСТЭ-ИНТУР» (23.01.1992—13.07.1992) → АО «ЦСТЭ-ИНТУР» открытого типа (13.07.1992—01.08.1995) → ОАО «ЦСТЭ-ИНТУР Центральный совет по туризму» (01.08.1995—03.11.2000) → ОАО «Центральный совет по туризму и отдыху» (холдинг) (03.11.2000—16.06.2016) → АО «Центральный совет по туризму и отдыху» (холдинг), сокр. АО «ЦСТЭ» (холдинг) (с 16.06.2016) . http://www.cctr.ru . АО «ЦСТЭ» (холдинг) (18.11.2016) . Дата обращения 19 июня 2018.