The graphic system in the narrow sense is an inventory of commonly required graphemes used in some written tradition . In a broad sense - the same inventory and the so-called basic correspondence between graphemes and phonemes . [one]
Basic Compliance
Basic compliance can be described in various ways. Most often, in practice (for example, in textbooks on a foreign language, dictionaries, etc.), a method is used that consists in specifying the so-called basic reading rule for each graphic unit, i.e., grapheme or grapheme complex.
A grapheme complex is a combination of graphemes whose reading is not inferred from the basic rules for reading its components (French , German, sch, English ch , Greek ου , Armenian աւ , etc.). A grapheme complex of two graphemes is called a digraph , of three - a trigraph .
The basic rule for reading this graphic unit can be:
• an indication of one or more phonemes transmitted by this graphic unit;
• an indication of the modifications that this graphic unit brings to the reading of neighboring graphic units.
Graphics and Spelling
In general, the reading process can be represented as follows:
1) According to the basic rules of reading, a chain of graphemes is transformed into one or more chains of phonemes.
2) Phonemic chains unacceptable for a given language are dropped out of further consideration.
3) The remaining phoneme chains are converted into a chain of sounds (it is assumed that the rules for the transition from phonemes to sounds are formulated explicitly in the description of this language).
4) From the resulting chains of sounds, the most suitable for the context is selected.
If in the process of reading a chain of graphemes A a chain of sounds a is obtained, then A is considered to be a graphically correct record of a. For example, for the sound chain [мʌрόс] in Russian, the recordings are frost, maroz, moros, and maros graphically correct .
Spelling , in contrast to graphics, is a set of rules accepted in a given written tradition that prescribe a particular (so-called "spelling correct") spelling for a given word form. As a rule, this is one of the graphically correct spellings of this word form , however, there are numerous exceptions (eg Russian of the one where r transmits [c]). Spelling is also possible, allowing almost any graphically correct recording of one word, as well as the interchangeability of individual graphemes in certain positions: for example, the writing of ancient Novgorod birch bark letters . [2]
Notes
- ↑ Zaliznyak, Andrei Anatolyevich. On the concept of grapheme / Zaliznyak A. A. "Russian nominal inflection" with the application of selected works on modern Russian language and general linguistics. - Moscow: Languages of Slavic culture (Studia philologica)., 2002. - S. 559 - 576. - 752 p. - ISBN 5-94457-066-0 .
- ↑ Zaliznyak, Andrei Anatolyevich. Old Russian graphics with a mixture of b - o and b - e / A. Zaliznyak “Russian nominal inflection” with the application of selected works on the modern Russian language and general linguistics. - Moscow: Languages of Slavic culture (Studia philologica)., 2002.- S. 577 - 612. - 752 p. - ISBN 5-94457-066-0 .