Kwantung Province is a historical region in southern Manchuria , east of the Shanhaiguan Pass , on the Kwantung Peninsula in the southwestern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula .
| Region of the Russian Empire | |||||
| Kwantung region | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A country |  Russian empire | ||||
| Adm. Centre | Port arthur | ||||
| History and Geography | |||||
| Date of formation | August 16 ( 28 ), 1899 | ||||
| Date of Abolition | |||||
| Square | 3168 km² | ||||
| Population | |||||
| Population | 250,000 people ( 1898 ) | ||||
| |||||
Area with islands - 3168 km²
Content
As part of the Russian Empire
The Kwantung region was established on the basis of a nominal Supreme Decree of the Senate of August 16, 1899 in the territory, according to the Russian-Chinese Convention of 1898, transferred by China to the rental of the Russian Empire for 25 years at no cost in exchange for military-political support by Russia of China against Japanese aggression [1] . The population of the region for 1898 is 250 thousand inhabitants (76% of Chinese , 22% of Manchurian ).
The main city is the naval port of Port Arthur , other cities are the commercial port of Dalniy , Bizzyvo and the old Chinese capital of the region, Jinzhou .
Under the Portsmouth Peace Treaty, on August 23, 1905, the lease of the region went to Japan, together with the part of the South Manchurian Railway built by Russia from Kuanchenzi [2] to Port Arthur and Dalniy with all the facilities, military shipyards , arsenals and fortifications.
Japanese Management Period
As part of the Japanese Empire, the Kwantung region had the status of a leased territory ( Jap. 租借地 ). Japan established the Kwantung Governorate ( Jap. 関 東 都督府 Kanto: Tokofu ) to administer the newly acquired territory. The governor of the region was subordinate to the Prime Minister and Minister of the Army. After the creation of the region, Japan deployed a Kwantung garrison there to protect the interests of Japan in the area of the South Manchurian Railway (in 1919 it was renamed the Kwantung Army). During World War I, Japan advanced the so-called. “ Twenty-one demands, ” which the government of the Republic of China was forced to accept; as a result, the lease term of the Kwantung region was extended to 99 years, that is, until 1997. After the proclamation of Manzhou-go in 1932, Japan formally abandoned the Kwantung region in favor of Manzhou-go, but continued to manage it as before, paying rent to Xinjing rather than Nanjing . At the same time, local residents received citizenship of Manzhou-go. Since 1934, the powers of the governor of the region were sharply reduced, and he was subordinate to the Japanese ambassador in Manzhou-go. In 1937, the South Manchu Railway was transferred to Manzhou.
During their reign, the Japanese carried out a number of reforms in the region, including land and transport. Unlike Korea and Taiwan , the local population of the Kwantung region was equalized in rights with the Japanese. There was no segregation in education throughout the entire Japanese rental period; Chinese and Japanese were taught in schools in approximately equal proportions. Japan made no attempt to assimilate the local population.
The main sectors of the economy in the region were mining (especially coal) industry and transport, as well as agriculture (in particular, the production of vegetable oil). Like Korea, the Kwantung region did not bring the empire income. Subsidies to the region were made from the budget, they amounted to 4 million yen per year.
Soviet Period
After World War II, the USSR renewed the lease of the Kwantung region. On February 14, 1950, an agreement was concluded with China on the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Port Arthur and the transfer of facilities in the area to China after signing the treaty with Japan, but no later than the end of 1952. On September 15, 1952, after the exchange of notes between China and the USSR, the period for the withdrawal of Soviet troops was extended until the conclusion of peace treaties between China and Japan, and the USSR and Japan. The withdrawal of Soviet troops and the transfer of territory under Chinese jurisdiction were completed in May 1955.
Chief
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Post time |
|---|---|---|
| Alekseev Evgeny Ivanovich | Adjutant General, Vice Admiral | |
| Oshima Yoshimasa (大 島 義昌) | baron general | |
| Fukushima Yasumasa (福島 安 正) | lieutenant general | |
| Nakamura Akira (中 村 覚) | lieutenant general | |
| Nakamura Yujiro (中 村 雄 次郎) | lieutenant general | |
| Hayashi Gonsuke (林 権 助) | ||
| Yamagata Isaburo (山 県 伊 三郎) | ||
| Iijuin Hikoichi (伊 集 院 彦 吉) | ||
| Kodama Hideo (児 玉 秀雄) | ||
| Kinoshita Kenjiro (木 下 謙 次郎) | ||
| Ota Masahiro (太 田 政 弘) | ||
| Tsukamoto Seiji (塚 本 清 治) | ||
| Yamaoka Mannosuke (山岡 万 之 助) | ||
| Muto Nobuyoshi (武 藤 信義) | the general | |
| Hisikari Takashi (菱 刈 隆) | the general | |
| Minami Jiro (南 次郎) | the general | |
| Ueda Canquity (植 田 謙 吉) | the general | |
| Umezu Yoshijiro (梅 津 美 治郎) | the general | |
| Yamada Otsuzo (山田 乙 三) | the general | |
| Lyudnikov Ivan Ilyich | Colonel General | |
| Beloborodov Afanasy Pavlantievich | Colonel General |
Notes
- ↑ Botantsov I.V. Comparative analysis of the political status of the Kwantung region and the Baikonur complex // State and municipal administration in the XXI century: theory, methodology, practice. - 2015.
- ↑ Currently, Kuancheng ( 宽城 , Kuancheng ) is an administrative district in the central and northern part of Changchun .
See also
- The formation of the territory of the Russian Empire
- Manzhou guo
- Kwantung Army
Sources
- Kwantung region // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. 1907-1909.
- Geschichte der Behordenorganisation Russlands von Peter dem Grossen bis 1917 (411-412)
Literature
- Borodovsky L.I. Kwantung region // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.