Soil

Groundbreaking (from Russian folk soil ) is the literary movement and direction of social and philosophical thought in Russia in the 1860s . The foundations of the worldview go back to the ideas and concepts of the so-called “young editorial board” of the Moskvityan journal (1850-1856) ^[1] led by Apollon Grigoryev ^[2] . Adherents are called soil workers . VN Zakharov indicates that the term “soil science” is late — Dostoevsky and his like-minded people did not call themselves soil workers ^[3] .

Content

1 Principles
2 In the 20th century
3 Representatives of the 19th century
4 Representatives of the XX century
5 Representatives of the XXI century
6 See also
7 Notes
8 Literature
9 References

Principles

The basic principles of soil cultivation were formulated on the pages of a number of thick literary magazines , but mainly by the staff of the Vremya and Epoch magazines Apollon Grigoriev, brothers Mikhail and Fedor Dostoevsky , Nikolai Strakhov , who carried out a heated polemic with the mouthpiece of nihilism - the Russian Word D. I. Pisarev and the stronghold of revolutionary democrats by the Sovremennik magazine, when its editor was N. G. Chernyshevsky ^[1] .

Despite the fact that soil cultivation was a kind of European philosophical romanticism and associated with the late Slavophilism , its complete identification with the latter is not entirely correct ^[1] . In an irreconcilable confrontation between Slavophilism and Westernism , when “a rare contemporary imagined a different solution to the“ Russia-West ”problem than an alternative” ^[4] , representatives of soil science recognized the positive beginnings of these trends, but claimed their own independent “neutral” position ^[1] . F. M. Dostoevsky declared this position of his own in September 1860 in the “Announcement on Subscribing to the Time Magazine for 1861” ^[5] , which became a brief manifesto of soil science ^[6] . The independent position of the soil workers regarding Westerners and Slavophiles was affirmed in various publications of the journal’s staff, in particular, in the article by F. M. Dostoevsky “Two camps of theorists (regarding the Day and something else)” (1862, No. 2 (February)) ^{[ 7]} .

A. L. Ospovat wrote that Dostoevsky and Grigoriev “equally rejected Slavophilism and Westernism as closed ideological systems, which presupposed a clear division of people into“ ours ”and“ not ours ”and canonized their basic postulates with respect to which (within the corresponding structure) neither doubt nor irony was allowed ” ^[8] . First of all, Dostoevsky and Grigoriev were brought together by the general idea of the “ Russian idea ” ^[9] . The stable and unchanging “core” of the concept of F. M. Dostoevsky “Russian idea” was “faith in our Russian identity” ^[10] .

The soil workers recognized the special mission of the Russian people as the salvation of all mankind, preached the idea of rapprochement of the "educated society" with the people , on a national or national "soil" with a religious and ethical foundation.

Representatives of soil science opposed the feudal nobility and the bureaucracy, called for a "fusion of education and its representatives with the beginning of the people," and this saw the guarantee of progress in Russia in its opposition to the West. The soil workers favored the development of industry, trade, and freedom of the individual and the press. Accepting "European culture", they simultaneously exposed the " rotten West " - its bourgeois and lack of spirituality, rejected revolutionary, socialist ideas and materialism , contrasting them with Christian ideals.

In the 1870s, the features of soil cultivation appeared in the philosophical works of Nikolai Yakovlevich Danilevsky and the “ Diary of a Writer ” by Fyodor Dostoevsky. The most detailed soil science is considered in the monographs of Polish political scientist Andrzej de Lazari ^[11] , Canadian historian Wayne Dowler ^[12] , publicist Alexander Buzdalov.

In the 20th century

In the second half of the 20th century, soil cultivation revived in “village prose” and publications on historical and patriotic themes, against which the head of the Ideological Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU A.N. Yakovlev sent an article with crushing criticism from the standpoint of orthodox Marxism-Leninism .

Representatives of the 19th Century

Brothers Fedor and Mikhail Dostoevsky
Apollon Grigoriev
Nikolai Strakhov and others

Representatives of the 20th Century

Akulov, Ivan Ivanovich
Belov, Vasily Ivanovich
Ivanov, Anatoly Stepanovich
Ivanov, Valentin Dmitrievich
Lobanov, Mikhail Petrovich
Rasputin, Valentin Grigorievich
Soloukhin, Vladimir Alekseevich
Shukshin, Vasily Makarovich

According to V. N. Zakharov, D. S. Likhachev and A. I. Solzhenitsyn , V. G. Rasputin and V. P. Astafiev , V. I. Belov, and V. M. Shukshin definitely enter the circle of soil workers ^[13] .

Representatives of the 21st Century

Vladimir Mikushevich

Notes

↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Soloviev E. G. Soil // New philosophical encyclopedia / Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences ; Nat social science fund; Pres scientific ed. Council V. S. Styopin , alternate representatives: A. A. Huseynov , G. Yu. Semigin , school. sec. A.P. Ogurtsov . - 2nd ed., Rev. and extra. - M .: Thought , 2010 .-- ISBN 978-5-244-01115-9 .
↑ H. Moskvityan // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
↑ Zakharov, 2012 , p. fourteen.
↑ Ospovat A.L., 1978 , p. 145.
↑ Dostoevsky, F. M. <Announcement of subscription to the journal "Time" for 1861> // Collected Works: in 15 volumes / F. M. Dostoevsky. - L .: Nauka , 1993 .-- V. 11. - S. 7.
↑ Time (journalism) (neopr.) . Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Anthology of life and creativity. Date of appeal March 15, 2016.
↑ Dostoevsky F. M. Two camps of theorists (on the occasion of “The Day” and something else) // “ Time ”: Literary and Political Journal / Ed. M. Dostoevsky . - SPb. : Printing house of E. Praz, 1862. - T. VII , issue. 2 (February) .
↑ Ospovat A.L., 1978 , p. 146.
↑ Ospovat A.L., 1978 , p. 147.
↑ Tikhomirov B.N. “Our faith in our Russian identity” (to the question of the “Russian idea” in the journalism of Dostoevsky) // Dostoevsky. Materials and research / Ch. ed. G.M. Friedlander . - SPb. : “Dmitry Bulanin”, 1996. - T. 12. - S. 108-124. - 280 p. - ISBN 5-86007-061-6 .
↑ Lazari, 2004 .
↑ Dowler, 1982 .
↑ Zakharov, 2012 , p. 24.

Literature

Buzdalov A.V. "Break away from the people ..." // https://antimodern.ru/ break away from the people //
Buzdalov A.V. Gnosticism of soil science and its consequences for domestic theological thought // Buzdalov A.V. From the “new religious” to the new theological consciousness. M .: Anti-modernism. Ru, 2018 .-- S.50-56. // https://dvagrada.ru/wiki/File:From_new_religious_to_new_theological_conscious.pdf
Zakharov V. N. Soil-soilism in Russian literature: a metaphor as an ideologem // Problems of historical poetics (Gospel text in Russian literature of the 18th — 20th centuries. Issue 7): Sat. St. .. - Petrozavodsk: Publishing. PetrSU, 2012. - Vol. 10. - S. 14-24.
Zenkovsky V.V. Chapter XI. "The soil workers." Apollo Grigoriev. N. N. Strakhov. F. M. Dostoevsky // History of Russian philosophy. - 2nd. - Paris: YMCA-PRESS, 1989 .-- S. 404-437.
Lazari Andrzej de . In the circle of Fedor Dostoevsky. Tillage = W kręgu Fiodora Dostojewskiego. Poczwinnictwo / Per. from polish. M.V. Leskinen, N.M. Filatova. Repl. ed. V.A. Khorev. - M .: Nauka , 2004 .-- 207 p. - ISBN 5-02-033377-8 . Archived March 8, 2016 on Wayback Machine
Moskovtseva Zh. Yu. “Russian idea” in the views of the soil workers: (A. A. Grigoriev, M. M. Dostoevsky, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. N. Strakhov) // Scientific works of the Moscow State Pedagogical University: collection of articles. St. .. - M .: Prometheus MPGU, 2005. - S. 107-112.
Ospovat A. L. To the study of soil science (Dostoevsky and Ap. Grigoryev) // Dostoevsky. Materials and research / Editor G. M. Friedlander . - Scientific publication. - L .: Nauka, 1978. - T. 3. - S. 144-150.
Dowler W. Dostoevsky, Grigor'ev, and Native Soil Conservatism. - Toronto, 1982.
L.V. Belovinsky . Tilting // Illustrated encyclopedic historical and everyday dictionary of the Russian people. XVIII - beginning of XIX century / ed. N. Ereminoy . - M .: Eksmo, 2007 .-- S. 523. - 784 p.: - Ill. from. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-699-24458-4 .

Links

Texts of articles from the journal "Time" on the website of the Department of Russian Literature and Journalism of Petrozavodsk State University
Belkin A.A. Soil Science in Literature // Brief Literary Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. A.A. Surkov . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1962-1978.

[НФЭ-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Soloviev E. G. Soil // New philosophical encyclopedia / Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences ; Nat social science fund; Pres scientific ed. Council V. S. Styopin , alternate representatives: A. A. Huseynov , G. Yu. Semigin , school. sec. A.P. Ogurtsov . - 2nd ed., Rev. and extra. - M .: Thought , 2010 .-- ISBN 978-5-244-01115-9 .

[2] H. Moskvityan // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.

[_4daca6e2fef13547-3] Zakharov, 2012 , p. fourteen.

[_c83fcc288e2fa6bd-4] Ospovat A.L., 1978 , p. 145.

[5] Dostoevsky, F. M. <Announcement of subscription to the journal "Time" for 1861> // Collected Works: in 15 volumes / F. M. Dostoevsky. - L .: Nauka , 1993 .-- V. 11. - S. 7.

[6] Time (journalism) (neopr.) . Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Anthology of life and creativity. Date of appeal March 15, 2016.

[7] Dostoevsky F. M. Two camps of theorists (on the occasion of “The Day” and something else) // “ Time ”: Literary and Political Journal / Ed. M. Dostoevsky . - SPb. : Printing house of E. Praz, 1862. - T. VII , issue. 2 (February) .

[_c83fcc288e2fa6be-8] Ospovat A.L., 1978 , p. 146.

[_c83fcc288e2fa6bf-9] Ospovat A.L., 1978 , p. 147.

[10] Tikhomirov B.N. “Our faith in our Russian identity” (to the question of the “Russian idea” in the journalism of Dostoevsky) // Dostoevsky. Materials and research / Ch. ed. G.M. Friedlander . - SPb. : “Dmitry Bulanin”, 1996. - T. 12. - S. 108-124. - 280 p. - ISBN 5-86007-061-6 .

[_f7e0418697606012-11] Lazari, 2004 .

[_824cc09d2b853d10-12] Dowler, 1982 .

[_4daca7e2fef13712-13] Zakharov, 2012 , p. 24.