The Krum Dynasty is a dynasty of Bulgarian khans who ruled in the First Bulgarian Kingdom from 802 to 991.
History
Krum Khan is considered by many researchers to be the founder of a new dynasty [1] [2] [3] [4] . However, there is a point of view that Krum was a descendant of the Bulgarian khan Kubera , brother of Asparuh , and thus he came from the Dulo dynasty [5] .
There is a problem of calculating the beginning of the reign of Khan Krum, usually they begin with the years 802 or 803 [6] [2] [3] [4] [5] . But some historians suggest that Khan Krum began to rule from the end of the VIII century, that is, the reign of Kardam Khan ended in 796 [7] . During the reign of Khan Krum, the territory was expanded due to the Avar Kaganate [8] [7] , successfully fought with Byzantium and defeated the troops of Emperor Nicephorus I [9] [8] in 811. He centralized and abolished tribal self-government [11] .
Khan Krum was succeeded by Omurtag . He was engaged in construction, including in the Bulgarian capital Pliska [4] . He concluded a peace treaty with Emperor Leo V , after the war with him, and was in allied relations with the next Emperor Michael II [12] . He fought with the Franks, led by Louis I the Pious [4] . There were persecutions of Christians [13] . Khan Omurtag had three sons: Enravot , Zvinitsa and Malamir . The ruler of Bulgaria after Omurtag was the youngest son, Malamir. However, after the death of the latter, the son of Zvinitsa, Presian, became khan. Under his rule, Macedonian and Albanian territories were added to Bulgaria [4] .
Presian's son Boris I introduced Christianity in Bulgaria in 865 [14] . He gave power to his eldest son, Vladimir Rasat , who tried to return paganism. He was deprived of power and blinded by his father [15] . After that, the youngest son of Boris Simeon I , the founder of the independent Bulgarian church, a cultural patron, became the ruler. Under the son of Simeon Peter I, an internal crisis manifested itself, revolts occur, bogomiliya appears. The last rulers from the Krum dynasty were the sons of Peter: Boris II and Roman . The last of them in 991 was put into Byzantine imprisonment, where he died in 997 [16] .
The rulers of Bulgaria from the Krum Dynasty
- Krum , Khan in 802-814
- Omurtag , Khan in 814-831
- Malamir , Khan in 831-836
- Presian I , khan in 836–852
- Boris I , khan in 852–864, prince in 864–889
- Vladimir Rasate , Prince in 889–893
- Simeon I , Prince in 893–919, King in 919–927
- Peter I , king in 927–969
- Boris II , king of 969–977
- Roman king in 977–991
Notes
- ↑ Blagoev, 1906 , p. 232.
- ↑ 1 2 Zlatarski, 2007 , p. 247.
- ↑ 1 2 Mutafchiev, 1992 , p. 113.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Czamańska, 1999 , s. 240.
- ↑ 1 2 Andreev, Pantev, 2004 , p. 45.
- ↑ Blagoev, 1906 , p. 232-233.
- ↑ 1 2 Bozhilov, Guzelyov, 1999 , p. 126.
- ↑ Zlatarski, 2007 , p. 248.
- ↑ Bozhilov, Guzelyov, 1999 , p. 131.
- ↑ Andreev, Pantev, 2004 , p. 46.
- ↑ Andreev, Pantev, 2004 , p. 55.
- ↑ Andreev, Pantev, 2004 , p. 57-58.
- ↑ Mutafchiev, 1992 , p. 125-126.
- ↑ Andreev, Pantev, 2004 , p. 76.
- ↑ Andreev, Pantev, 2004 , p. 88-89.
- ↑ Czamańska, 1999 , s. 241.
Literature
- Zlatarski V. History on the Bulgarian State Pres Pres Middle Ages. - Sofia: Zakhary Stoyanov; St. Clement of Ohrid, 2007. - T. 1. Parvo Bulgaria kingdom. Part 1. The era of the Hunoblgarskoe power. - 486 p.
- Andreev J., Pantev A. Bulgarskite Khanov and Tsar. From Khan Kubrat to Tsar Boris III: Historically Handbook. - Veliko Tarnovo: Abagar, 2004 .-- 368 p.
- Blagoev N.P. History on the Old Bulgarian Right is right. - Sofia: Brotherhood of Proshekovi, 1906. - 270 p.
- Bozhilov I.A. , Guzelyov V.T. History on Bulgaria. - Sofia: Anubis, 1999. - T. 1. History on the Middle Ages Bulgaria VII-XIV century. - 704 s.
- Mutafchiev P. History on the Bulgarian people. - Sofia: Bulgarian State Academy of Sciences, 1992. - 374 p.
- Czamańska I. Kruma dynastia // Słownik dynastii Europy. - Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1999 .-- S. 240-241.