Amr I ibn Adi (d. Between 302 and 305 years ) is the first king ( malik ) of the Lahmid state , who gained power over the Iraqi Arabs of Hira between 266 and 272 years after the departure of the Tanuhite leader Jazima to Syria. The founder of the Lahmid dynasty, which was in vassal dependence on the Sassanid empire.
| Amr I ibn Adi | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Predecessor | Jazima | ||||||
| Successor | Imru al-Qais I and al-Haris | ||||||
| Death | |||||||
| Kind | Lahmids | ||||||
| Father | Adi ibn nasr al-numar | ||||||
| Mother | Rakash, sister of Jazima | ||||||
| Children | Imru al-Qais I and al-Haris | ||||||
Content
Origin
According to Muslim authors, Amr I was the son of Adi from the Numar tribe, a member of the Kakhtanite tribal union of Lahm. Adi was in the service of Jazima , the leader of the Tanuhite Arabs who settled in Iraq . Adi entered into a love affair with Rakash, the sister of Jazima, and obtained permission from him to marry her, taking advantage of the fact that Jazima became sober at a feast. Sobering up, Jazima canceled the permit and ordered the execution of Adi. It is not known for certain whether Adi was executed or managed to escape, but soon Rakash gave birth to a boy named Amr [1] .
Muslim authors considered Adi, the father of Amr I, the son of Nasr ibn Rabiah from the Numar tribe, who, at the head of his family, moved to Iraq with the Tanuhites, where King Shapur allowed him to settle in Khira [2] .
Board
As a child, Amr suddenly disappeared, but after some time, thanks to some happy occasion, he returned to Jazima. Going to Syria, Jazima handed over control of Amr, and the command of the army was entrusted to a certain Amr ibn Abdi-jinn al-Jarmi. After the death of Jazima, a power struggle began between Amr ibn Adi and Amr al-Jarmi. Amr ibn Adi managed to win over most of the troops and Amr al-Jarmi had to submit [3] . This happened during the period when Zenobia actually controlled Palmyra, that is, between 266 or 267 and 272 years [4] .
Despite the fact that Amr ibn Adi helped with his advice sending Jazima to Syria, which the Sassanid Shahinshah Shapur I , from whom the Tanuhits were in vassal dependence, could not please, Shapur did not prevent Amr from gaining power over the Arabs of Iraq. Very little evidence has been preserved of the relationship of Amr I with the Sassanid kings; Apparently, he managed to maintain normal relations with the successors of Shapur I. The inscription of the Shahinshah Narsa , which tells about his accession to the throne in 293, includes, among others, “King Amr al-Lahmi”, identified with Amr I [5] . In this inscription, Amr ibn Adi does not yet have the Persian title of “king of the Arabs”, which was subsequently granted to his heir Imrul-Qais QI [6] .
Amr ibn Adi was the first of the Lahmid rulers to make the city of Hiru the capital of his state, where from the time of Shahinshah Ardashir I there were Sassanid garrisons and governors ( marzbans ). Under Shapur I, the power of the Sassanids over Hira was further strengthened, thus the tribal union of the Tanuhite Arabs in Hira and Amr I who headed it during the period under review were actually under the supervision of the Sasanian military administration. The Sassanids recognized the power of Amr ibn Adi, but did not give him the title of “king of the Arabs”, while maintaining strong control over the Khira region occupied by the Tanuhites [6] .
Another possible written mention of Amr I is contained in one of the Manichaean texts, which states that during the persecution of the Manichaeans in the Sassanid Empire, they turned for protection to a certain king Amaro, asking him to write a letter to the Shakhinshah in their defense. Amaro wrote to the Shahinshah of Narce and the persecution of the Manichaeans abated, but after the death that followed shortly afterwards, Narce resumed with the same force. It should be noted that the identification of King Amaro with Amr ibn Adi cannot be recognized unambiguous and it can be said that Lahmid Amr I addressed Narza with a letter in defense of the Manichaeans only with a certain degree of probability. Throughout the history of the Lahmid state, representatives of persecuted religious communities have repeatedly found refuge in Hira, taking advantage of the religious tolerance of the Lahmid kings. It is possible that Amr I did not support the campaign of persecution of the Manichaeans and could even come out in their defense [7] .
Amr ibn Adi died between 302 and 305 years after more than thirty years of rule [4] . The successor of Amra I ibn Adi was his son Imru-l-Qais I, the first of the Lahmids who received the right of hereditary power, the tiara of the governor and the title of “king of the Arabs” from the Sassanid shahinshah. According to the data of Ibn Kutayba and al-Yakubi , in parallel or jointly with Imrul-Qais, another son of Amr I, al-Haris, came to power over the Lahmid state [8] .
Notes
- ↑ Mishin D.E., 2017 , p. 64-65.
- ↑ Mishin D.E., 2017 , p. 66.
- ↑ Mishin D.E., 2017 , p. 65.
- ↑ 1 2 Mishin D.E., 2017 , p. 41.
- ↑ Mishin D.E., 2017 , p. 67-68.
- ↑ 1 2 Mishin D.E., 2017 , p. 69.
- ↑ Mishin D.E., 2017 , p. 70-71.
- ↑ Mishin D.E., 2017 , p. 71, 75.
Literature
- Mishin D.E. History of the Lahmid state. - M .: OOO "Sadra", 2017. - 448 p. - ISBN 978-5-906859-27-3 .