Learning by opening ( eng. Enquiry-based learning ) [1] - learning by asking questions, problems or scenarios. The method is contrasted with traditional didactic training, where information is presented directly, or there is a standardized method for acquiring knowledge. The process of cognition is controlled by a mentor or teacher as an intermediary . Students should identify and research problems and questions in order to expand their knowledge or find solutions. Learning by opening involves problem-based learning , and usually relies on research and small projects, as well as research . [2] Learning by discovery is very closely related to the development and practice of critical thinking. [3]
History
Learning through discovery is a pedagogical approach developed in the 1960s as a response to traditional forms of learning that required memorizing information from educational materials. [4] The philosophy of “learning through discovery” comes from constructivist theories of learning, such as those by Piaget , Dewey , Vygotsky, and Freire. [5] [6] [7] The accumulation of information and the provision of meanings on the basis of personal or social experience is called “constructivism”. [8] Pedagogy of learning through the experience that Dewey promoted implies that students actively experience their learning experience so that it makes sense to them. [9] [10] Learning through discoveries can be seen as practical learning, as it involves interacting with the content / material during the study, as well as collaborating between the students during the study to get to the point together.
In the 1960s, Joseph Schwab proposed dividing instruction by opening into four special levels. [11] Later his approach was formalized by Marshall Heron in 1971, proposing the Heron scale (a scale for assessing the amount of training through discoveries). [12] There is a whole range of learning methods based on learning through discovery. [13]
Features
The cognitive processes in which people participate during learning through discoveries include the following: [14]
- Setting your own questions
- Gather evidence to help answer question (s)
- Clarification of evidence collected
- Associating explanations with the knowledge they acquired during the research process
- Creating arguments and justifications for why the explanation is valid
Learning through discovery includes asking questions, the ability to notice details, checking what information has already been learned, developing methods for conducting experiments, developing tools for collecting data, collecting, analyzing and interpreting data, indicating possible explanations, and predicting for future research.
Notes
- ↑ The UK dictionaries Collins and Longman list the spelling "inquiry" first, and Oxford simply calls it another spelling, without labeling it as US English.
- ↑ What is Inquiry Based Learning (EBL)?
- ↑ Dostál, J. (2015).
- ↑ Bruner, JS (1961).
- ↑ Dewey, J (1997) How We Think, New York: Dover Publications.
- ↑ Freire, P. (1984) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, New York: Continuum Publishing Company.
- ↑ Vygotsky, LS (1962) Thought and Language, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- ↑ Bachtold, Manuel. What do students "construct" according to constructivism in science education? (English) // Research in Science Education: journal. - 2013 .-- Vol. 43 . - P. 2477-2496 . - DOI : 10.1007 / s11165-013-93697 .
- ↑ Roth, Wolff-Michael. Toward a theory of experience (neopr.) // Science Education. - 2013. - T. 98 , No. 1 . - S. 106-126 . - DOI : 10.1002 / sce.21085 . - .
- ↑ Twigg, Vani Veikoso. Teachers' practices, values and beliefs for successful inquiry-based teaching in the International Baccalaureate Primary years Program (Eng.) // Journal of Research in International Education : journal. - 2010 .-- Vol. 9 , no. 1 . - P. 40-65 . - DOI : 10.1177 / 1475240909356947 .
- ↑ Schwab, J. (1960) Inquiry, the Science Teacher, and the Educator .
- ↑ Herron, MD (1971).
- ↑ Wilhelm, JG, & Wilhelm, PJ (2010).
- ↑ Bell, T. Collaborative inquiry learning: Models, tools, and challenges (Eng.) // International Journal of Science Education: journal. - 2010 .-- Vol. 3 , no. 1 . - P. 349-377 . - DOI : 10.1080 / 09500690802582241 . - .