Murom town is an archaeological monument in the Stavropol district of the Samara region , the conventional name of a medieval city and the current name of the modern city.
History
 | Object of cultural heritage of Russia of federal significance reg. No. 631740914330006 ( EGROKN ) (Wikigid database) |
The first settlements appeared in this area already in the VIII-IX centuries. They belonged to the Bulgars [1] .
Murom town is the conventional name of a large Bulgarian city that appeared in the X century between the modern villages of Vala and Zhiguli . The original name of the city is still unknown. "Murom" he was nicknamed one of the first researchers of Samara Luke P. S. Pallas back in the XVIII century, taking as a basis the old Russian word "murom" - "fortress".
In the late 10th and early 13th centuries, it was a large border fortress of the Volga Bulgaria , which ensured the safety of trade routes passing along the Volga .
In the XII century, the area of the city was 150 hectares, and together with the suburbs, surrounding villages and settlements, over 300 hectares. According to experts, the maximum population reached 10 thousand people. The city was surrounded by two lines of fortifications, consisting of ramparts and ditches. In various places of the city there were brick buildings, probably baths, and mosques .
In 1236, the city was completely destroyed and burned by the troops of Batu . Apparently, this was one of the first cities on the path of the Mongolian army . Its sudden death is evidenced by a powerful layer of conflagration and finds of skeletons of dead citizens with stuck tips of Mongolian arrows stuck in the bones. The surrounding villages were also burnt. After that, the city never recovered.
Archaeological finds
For the first time, the city was described by participants of the XVIII century academic expeditions I. I. Lepyokhin and P. S. Pallas . Information about him is also available in the work of K. I. Nevostruev "On the fortifications of the ancient Volga-Bulgarian and Kazan kingdoms" (1871). He is also mentioned by V. N. Polivanov in the “Archaeological Map of the Simbirsk Province” (1900).
The first excavations of the Murom town were carried out by an expedition of the Society of Archeology, History, Ethnography and Natural Science under the direction of V.V. Golmsten in 1928-1929. In the early 1970s , work on the site was resumed, and it was then that a lot of interesting information was obtained that allowed us to restore the picture of the life and death of the inhabitants of this settlement.
Since there were no other settlements on this site, scientists made a lot of interesting finds that allow to recreate the life of the city. Constantly find the remains of wooden and stone buildings, arrowheads and spears, dishes and decorations.
The city was a major craft center in the south of the Volga Bulgaria. In the western part of the city were craft neighborhoods. Excavations revealed traces of smelting furnaces, pottery horns, copper and jewelry workshops.
In addition to crafts, the townspeople were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. This is evidenced by the large number of found bones of domestic animals, many agricultural implements: plowshares and plow cutters, coulters, pink salmon braids, sickles, and hoes. Traces of the development of fishing were found: both fishing gears and fish bones, including sturgeons, were found . Due to its favorable location, trade was well developed. During the excavations, a lot of imported things were found: dishes from Central Asia, jewelry from Byzantium , spindles made in the ancient Russian city of Ovruch near Kiev .
A valuable find is the found German coin of the 11th century , testifying to the existence of trade relations between Bulgaria and Western Europe .
In 2004, archaeologists discovered a cellar where there were interesting finds: the key to the ancient castle, jewelry, as well as ancient "diapers" for boys, in the form of a hollow bone with corresponding holes.
A cemetery was found on the southern outskirts of the city, burials were performed according to the Muslim rite.
Heating
The main feature of the city is a building heating system that is completely atypical for ancient Russia. The principle of its operation is as follows: a firebox adjoining buildings built of brick and limestone was connected by a main canal to a system of chimneys in which clay pipes were laid. The hot air from the furnace, passing through the pipes, heated not only the floors throughout the building, but also special stone sofas. Scientists suggest that this technology was borrowed from the ancient Romans. Modern " warm floors " work on the same principle.
Notes
- ↑ Murom town (Inaccessible link) . Date of treatment August 30, 2010. Archived on February 26, 2012.
Literature
Pachkalov A.V. Medieval cities of the Lower Volga and Northern Caucasus. M., 2018.
Links
- Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde (Unavailable link) . National patriots of Russia. Date of treatment April 18, 2008. Archived February 26, 2012.
- Volga Bulgaria (Unavailable link) . SKIF (December 26, 2007). Date of treatment April 18, 2008. Archived February 26, 2012.
- www.samara.ru. The heating system of the "Murom town" . Date of treatment April 18, 2008. Archived February 26, 2012.
- Murom town (Inaccessible link) . Date of treatment April 18, 2008. Archived February 26, 2012.
- Sergeeva Victoria Mikhailovna. Volga Bulgaria (Inaccessible link) . wwww.gorod63.ru. Archived February 26, 2012.
- Sergey Ishkov. Archaeologists have found ancient diapers // Russian courier. - July 20, 2004. - No. 331 . Archived on September 27, 2007.
- Ilya Muromets and Muromsky town (Unavailable link) . Date of treatment April 17, 2008. Archived February 26, 2012.