Toponymy of Spain ( Spanish: Toponimia de España ) - a combination of geographical names, including the names of natural and cultural objects in Spain . The structure and composition of the toponymy of a region is determined by its geographical position and rich history [1] . Historically, in the toponymy of Spain, like the entire Iberian Peninsula , the following large groups stand out [2] [3] :
- Iberian layer
- Old Celtic formation
- Phoenician stratum
- Roman , or Latin-Roman stratum
- Germanic ( Visigothic and Latgalian place names) layer
- arab layer
- proper Spanish layer - modern ( Castilian , Catalan or Valencian, Galician , Basque , etc.) toponyms.
Some scholars also identify the Guanche (or Canary) toponyms as a separate stratum.
In the toponymy of Spain, various types of geographical names are presented, including:
- anthropotoponyms - names derived from personal names of people, for example Sedavi ( Arabic. بَبي سيدبي banī Sīdabī , “sons of Khativa ”) [4] ;
- chromotoponyms - derivatives of terms that denote colors , for example Veles-Rubio (literally: “blond Veles”) or (literally: “red Peña”);
- phytotoponyms - derivatives of the names of trees, plants, flowers, forests, etc., such as, for example, Avellaneda (from the Spanish avellano - "hazel");
- hydronyms - the names of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, springs, wells and derivatives from them, for example Alsira ( Arabic. الجزيرة al -ĝazīra tu , "island") [5] or Guadiks ( Arabic. وَادي أَش , wādī ʾaš , "River Ash", lat. Acci );
- hagiotoponyms - comes from the names of saints , such as Santander (* Sant Andero, * Sanct Endere, Latin Sancti Emetherii ) or Santiago de Compostela ;
- oronyms - come from the names of landforms , for example Puig or Puig ("mountain") or Albacete ( Arabic. ألبسيط , "al-Basit" - "plain");
- zootoponyms - come from the names of animals, such as Colmenar Viejo (lit. "Old Apiary") or Cebreros .
Among the leading researchers of Spanish toponymy are Juan Curuminas y Vigno , Ramon Menendez Pidal , M. Asin Palacios, A. Llorente Maldonado de Guevara, E. Moreu-Rey and others.
Content
- 1 Composition of toponymy
- 1.1 Pre-Roman toponymy
- 1.2 German toponymy
- 1.3 Guanche toponymy
- 2 notes
- 3 Literature
- 3.1 in Russian
- 3.2 in spanish
Toponymy Composition
Pre-Roman Place Names
Written references to the first geographical names on the territory of modern Spain are contained in the writings of the Greeks, Phoenicians and Carthaginians, as well as Roman authors. Pre-Roman place names - geographical names that existed before the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, originate from the languages of the autochthonous population ( Iberians , Tartessians , Celtiberians , Vascons , etc.) and colonizers (mainly Phoenicians , Carthaginians, and Greeks ).
The linguists consider the Iberian [6] to be the oldest layer of Dorimian toponymy. Iberian place names are not always amenable to etymologization (for example, the hydronyms of Tahoe (in Portugal-Tagus), Esla , oikonyms of Migno , Salamanca ); The region of Asturias received the name from the hydronym Astur - “rocky water”, Aragon - “low-water”.
Currently, linguists have almost completely abandoned the Basque-Iberian hypothesis , according to which the Basque language is a descendant of the extinct Iberian languages , and, accordingly, some Basque place names are of Iberian origin [1] . Basque place names are in the north (for example, the Pyrenees - from pyren - “mountain”, Navarra - from nava - “plain”, Andorra - from andurrial - “wasteland”) [7] . The [components “aran” (“valley”) in the toponyms Ares del Maestre and Aras de los Olmos , and also “ondar” (“sand”) in the toponyms of Ondar and Onda , “sagar” (“ apple ”) in Segarra , and others [1] . On the other hand, the pre-Roman origin of a number of toponyms is indicated by repeating elements of words, mainly suffixes. For example, the suffix -esa , which appears in such toponyms as , , Montes , Puebla-Tornes and others [1] . The suffix -uba appears in the names of Yatov , Gatov , Enov and others [1] . The origin and significance of a number of pre-Roman toponyms has not yet been established, among them Arevalo , Argans , Badalon (probably from Βαιτουλῶν [Baitoulōn] mentioned by Ptolemy ), Barsen , Karawak , Khativa (< valenc. Xàtiva, < Arabic. شاطبة , Ŝāṭib , < Latin Saitabi , <Iberian Saiti), Salamanca , Soria , Tormes , Turia (from the ancient Celtic formant tur- , which is also present in the toponyms and Tartess ).
German Place
The total number of toponyms of Germanic origin ( Visigoth and Vandal ) on the Iberian Peninsula, according to experts, exceeds 2 thousand [8] . Among them are such as Goda, Gotones, Alanis , Andalusia (“land of vandals”), Katadau (<Cat Daur, “property of Daur”) [9] , Castroheris (German anthroponym preceded by the nickname “Castro”), Lubyan , Mondaris , Resmondo , Rikla , Villabermudo and Wamba (the last name, presumably, dates back to the Wambe king of the VII Visigoths).
Guanche toponymy
The Canary Islands, before the Spanish conquest of the 15th century, were inhabited mainly by the Berber peoples - the Guanches , and the local toponymy was exclusively of Guanese origin. As a result of assimilation with the Spanish population, the Guanche language disappeared, and the geographical names became "castilized", at the same time many of them retain their Guanche origin, for example, Garachico , Garafía , La Guancha , La Orotava , Teide and Tenerife ( guanch. “Tene ife” - “white mountain”) [10] [11] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Toponimia, 2009 .
- ↑ Basik, 2006 , p. 124-126.
- ↑ Sir, 2007 .
- ↑ Geografia, 1995 , p. 333.
- ↑ Historia, 2009 .
- ↑ Basik, 2006 , p. 124.
- ↑ Basik, 2006 , p. 125, 126.
- ↑ Basik, 2006 , p. 125.
- ↑ BISBAL GIL, Enrique; ESPÍ CLIMENT, Wenceslao; GIMENO LÓPEZ, Fernando. Introducción a la Historia de Catadau . Catadau (Valencia): Excmo. Ayuntamiento de Catadau, 1990, p. 21
- ↑ Abreu .
- ↑ Bethencourt, 1997 .
Literature
in Russian
- Basik S. N. General toponymy. - Minsk: BSU, 2006 .-- S. 200.
- Menyailova D.B. Spanish okonyms in historical perspective .
- Menyailova D.B. Spanish place names through the prism of onomasiology and semasiology // Bulletin of the Voronezh State Technical University. - 2013.
- Sir G.S. Spanish toponymy. - M .: RosNOU, 2007 .-- 250 p. - ISBN 978-5-89789-028-6 .
- Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / A. M. Komkov. - M .: Nedra, 1986.- 459 p.
in Spanish
- Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana. Ciencias. - Editorial Prensa Valenciana, 2009 .-- T. Geografia.
- Juan Piqueras Haba. Geografia de les comarques valencianes. - València: Foro, 1995. - T. 3. - ISBN 84-8186-021-2 .
- Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana. - Editorial Prensa Valenciana, 2009 .-- T. Historia.
- Abreu Galindo FR. J. Historia de la conquista de las siete islas de Canaria. - Goya. - ISBN 978-84-400-3645-2 .
- Bethencourt Alfonso, Juan. Historia del pueblo guanche. - Francisco Lemus Editor SL, 1997. - ISBN 978-84-87973-10-9 .