Computational thinking is the thought processes involved in posing problems and presenting their solutions in a form that can be effectively implemented using a person or a computer.
Another characteristic of computational thinking is an iterative process based on three stages (depicted on the diagram of the AAA process of computational thinking on the right):
- Abstraction : the formulation of the problem;
- Automation : presentation of the solution;
- Analysis : execution and decision evaluation.
The history of computational thinking dates back to at least the 1950s, but most ideas are much older. [1] The term computational thinking was first used by Seymour Papert in 1980 [2] and again in 1996. [3] Computational thinking can be used to solve complex large-scale problems algorithmically and is often used to implement significant efficiency improvements. [four]
Content
- 1 General view
- 2 Computational thinking in education
- 3 Criticism
- 4 References
General view
The characteristics that determine computational thinking are decomposition, template definition / data presentation, generalization / abstraction, and algorithms. A general solution is obtained by decomposing the problem, defining variables associated with the presentation of the data used and the creation of algorithms. A general solution is an abstraction or generalization that can be used to solve many invariants of the original problem. The widespread use of the term computational thinking began with the work of the same name by Professor Cornell University (USA) . The article suggests that computational thinking is a fundamental skill for everyone, not just professionals, and argues the importance of integrating computational ideas into other disciplines. [5]
Computational Thinking in Education
Jeannette Wing suggested that computational thinking would become an integral part of every child’s education. [5] At present, computational thinking is broadly defined as a set of cognitive skills and solutions to problems that include (but are not limited to) the following characteristics: [6] [7]
- Using abstractions and defining patterns to represent the problem in new and different ways.
- Logical organization and data analysis.
- Splitting a problem into smaller parts.
- An approach to the problem using algorithmic techniques such as loops, symbolic representation, and logical operations.
- Representation of the problem in the form of a series of ordered steps (algorithmic thinking).
- Identification, analysis and implementation of possible solutions in order to achieve the most effective and efficient combination of steps and resources.
- Generalization of the process of solving one problem to a wide range of similar tasks
Currently, the integration of computational thinking in the curriculum takes place in two forms: in computer science lessons directly or through the use and evaluation of computational thinking methods in other subjects. Teachers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) target classes to use computational thinking and allow students to practice problem-solving skills.
Criticism
The concept of computational thinking has been criticized as too vague, as it rarely becomes clear how it differs from other forms of thinking. [1] [8] Some computer scientists are worried about the advancement of computational thinking as a substitute for a wider education in computer science, since computational thinking is only one small part of this area. [9] Others are concerned that the emphasis on computational thinking is prompting computer scientists to narrow their discussion of the problems they solve, thereby avoiding discussing the social, ethical, and environmental implications for the technology they create. [10] [1]
Links
- ↑ 1 2 3 Tedre, Matti. The Long Quest for Computational Thinking // Proceedings of the 16th Koli Calling Conference on Computing Education Research / Matti Tedre, Peter J. Denning. - 2016.
- ↑ Papert, Seymour. Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas. Basic Books, Inc., 1980.
- ↑ Papert, Seymour . An exploration in the space of mathematics educations // International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning: journal. - 1996. - Vol. 1 . - DOI : 10.1007 / BF00191473 .
- ↑ Computational thinking:
- Repenning, A. Scalable game design and the development of a checklist for getting computational thinking into public schools // Proceedings of the 41st ACM technical symposium on Computer science education - SIGCSE '10 / A. Repenning, D. Webb, A. Ioannidou. - 2010. - P. 265. - ISBN 9781450300063 . - DOI : 10.1145 / 1734263.1734357 .
- Guzdial, Mark . Education: Paving the way for computational thinking (Eng.) // Communications of the ACM : journal. - 2008 .-- Vol. 51 , no. 8 . - P. 25 . - DOI : 10.1145 / 1378704.1378713 .
- Wing, JM Computational thinking and thinking about computing (Eng.) // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences : journal. - 2008. - Vol. 366 , no. 1881 . - P. 3717 . - DOI : 10.1098 / rsta.2008.0118 . - .
- Center for Computational thinking at Carnegie Mellon cmu.edu8
- Exploring Computational Thinking , Google.com
- How to Teach Computational Thinking by Stephen Wolfram , Stephen Wolfram Blog, September 7, 2016.
- Conrad Wolfram: Teaching kids real math with computers on YouTube , TED talk 2010-11-15
- What is Computational Thinking? CS4FN at en: CS4FN
- The Sacramento Regional CPATH Team has created a Think CT website with information on CT developed by this NSF-funded project. Archived August 31, 2011.
- A short introduction to Computational Thinking by the Open University
- ↑ 1 2 Wing, Jeanette M. Computational thinking (neopr.) // Communications of the ACM . - 2006. - T. 49 , No. 3 . - S. 33 . - DOI : 10.1145 / 1118178.1118215 .
- ↑ Grover, Shuchi; Pea, Roy. Computational Thinking in K – 12 A Review of the State of the Field (English) // Educational Researcher : journal. - 2013 .-- Vol. 42 . - DOI : 10.3102 / 0013189x12463051 .
- ↑ Stephenson, Chris; Valerie Barr. Defining Computational Thinking for K-12 (Neopr.) // CSTA Voice. - 2011. - May ( t. 7 , No. 2 ). - S. 3-4 . - ISSN 1555-2128 .
- ↑ The Trouble with Computational Thinking . ACM Date of treatment November 30, 2016.
- ↑ Denning, Peter J. Beyond computational thinking (Eng.) // Communications of the ACM : journal. - 2009 .-- 1 June ( vol. 52 , no. 6 ). - P. 28 . - DOI : 10.1145 / 1516046.1516054 .
- ↑ Easterbrook, Steve. From Computational Thinking to Systems Thinking: A conceptual toolkit for sustainability computing // Proceedings of the 2nd international conference ICT for Sustainability: journal. - 2014 .-- DOI : 10.2991 / ict4s-14.2014.28 .