Jupiter's moons

Galilean satellites of Jupiter. From left to right, in the order of distance from Jupiter: Io , Europe , Ganymede , Callisto

The moons of Jupiter are the natural moons of the planet Jupiter . For 2019, 79 ^[1] ^[2] satellites of Jupiter are known; this is the largest number of open satellites among all the planets of the solar system . In addition, Jupiter has a ring system .

In the media, popular literature and fiction, the moons of Jupiter are often called the moons of Jupiter ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] .

Content

History

In 1610, Galileo Galilei , observing Jupiter through a telescope, discovered the four largest satellites - Io , Europe , Ganymede and Callisto , which are now called the " Galilean ". They are bright and rotate in rather orbits far enough from the planet, so that they are easy to distinguish even with field binoculars. Galileo called the satellites the “Medici Stars” in honor of his patron Cosimo II de Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany ^[6] :

Since I, as a pioneer, should name these new planets, I want, in imitation of the great sages, who placed among the stars of the most remarkable heroes of that time, to devote them to the High Duke Cosimo II de Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany. (Galileo Galilei. " ").

Superiority in the discovery of satellites was disputed by the German astronomer Simon Marius , who later gave them names by taking names from ancient Greek myths.

Modernity

Thanks to ground-based observations of the Jupiter system, 13 satellites were already known by the end of the 1970s. In 1979 , flying past Jupiter, the Voyager-1 spacecraft discovered three more satellites.

Since 1999, with the help of ground-based telescopes of a new generation, 49 more satellites of Jupiter were discovered, the vast majority of which are 2-4 km in diameter.

After the discovery of Femisto in 1975 and Diya in 2000, the observations made were not enough to calculate their orbits, and they were considered lost ^[7] , but were re-identified after 25 ^[8] and 12 years ^[9] , respectively.

Satellites with retrograde orbits are traditionally given names ending in the letter “e” ^[10] . Correspondingly erroneous are sometimes found transcriptions of these names ^[11] ending in the letter “a”. For example, the satellite Pasif is named after the character of the Greek mythology of Pasifai ; however, the name of the satellite should be written exactly as "Pacifa", not coinciding in the spelling with the name of the character.

Some options

Order ^{[note 1]}	Name		Dimensions (km)	Weight (kg)	Semimajor axis ( km ) ^[12]	Orbital period ( e ) ^[12] ^{[note 2]}	Incline orbits ( ° ) ^[12]	e ^[13]	Opening year	Group

one	XVI	Methida	60 × 40 × 34	≈3.6⋅10 ¹⁶	127 690	+7 ^h 4 ^m 29 ^s	0.06 °	0.00002	1980	Amalthea
2	XV	Adrastea	20 × 16 × 14	≈2⋅10 ¹⁵	128,690	+7 ^h 9 ^m 30 ^s	0.03 °	0.0015	1979
3	V	Amalthea	250 × 146 × 128	2.08⋅10 ¹⁸	181 366	+11 ^h 57 ^m 23 ^s	0.374 °	0.0032	1892
four	XIV	Thebes	116 × 98 × 84	≈4.3⋅10 ¹⁷	221 889	+16 ^h 11 ^m 17 ^s	1,076 °	0.0175	1980
five	I	And about	3642	8.9⋅10 ²²	421,700	+1.77	0.050 °	0.0041	1610	Galilean satellites
6	II	Europe	3122	4.8⋅10 ²²	671 034	+3.55	0.471 °	0.0094	1610
7	III	Ganymede	5260	1,5⋅10 ²³	1,070,412	+7.15	0.204 °	0.0011	1610
eight	IV	Callisto	4820	1,1⋅10 ²³	1 882 709	+16.69	0.205 °	0.0074	1610
9	XVIII	Femisto	eight	6.9⋅10 ¹⁴	7 393 216	+129.87	45.762 °	0.2115	1975/2000	Femisto
ten	XIII	Leda	ten	1,1⋅10 ¹⁶	11 187 781	+241.75	27.562 °	0.1673	1974	Himalia
eleven	VI	Himalia	170	4.2⋅10 ¹⁸ ^[14]	11 451 971	+250.37	30.486 °	0.1513	1904
12	Lxxi	S / 2018 J 1	3		11,483,000				2018
13	Lxv	S / 2017 J 4	3		11 525 000				2017
14	X	Foxes	36	6.3⋅ ¹⁶	11 740 560	+259.89	27.006 °	0.1322	1938
15	VII	Elara	86	8,7⋅10 ¹⁷	11 778 034	+261.14	29.691 °	0.1948	1905
sixteen	Liii	Diya	four	9.0⋅10 ¹³	12 570 424	+287.93	27.584 °	0.2058	2000/2012
17	Xlvi	Carpo	3	4,5⋅10 ¹³	17 144 873	+458.62	56.001 °	0.2735	2003	Carpo
18		S / 2003 J 12	one	1,5⋅10 ¹²	17 739 539	−482.69	142.680 °	0.4449	2003
nineteen	Lxii	Valetudo	one		18 980 000				2017	?
20	Xxxiv	Euporie	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	19 088 434	−538.78	144.694 °	0.0960	2002	Ananke
21	Lx	S / 2003 J 3	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	19 621 780	−561.52	146.363 °	0.2507	2003
22	LV	S / 2003 J 18	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	19 812 577	−569.73	147.401 °	0.1569	2003
23	Lxxii	S / 2011 J 1	one	?	20 101 000	−580.7	162.8 °	0.296	2011	?
24	Lii	S / 2010 J 2	one	?	20 307 150	−588.82	150.363 °	0.3076	2010	Ananke
25	Xlii	Telksinoe	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	20 453 753	−597.61	151.292 °	0.2684	2004
26	Xxxiii	Evante	3	4,5⋅10 ¹³	20,464,854	−598.09	143.409 °	0.2000	2002
27	Xlv	Gelike	four	9.0⋅10 ¹³	20 540 266	−601.40	154.586 °	0.1374	2003
28	Xxxv	Orthosie	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	20 567 971	−602.62	142.366 °	0.2433	2002
29th	Lxviii	S / 2017 J 7			20 627 000				2017
thirty	Liv	S / 2016 J 1	1-2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	20,595,000	−603.83	139.84 °	0.140	2017
31	Lxiv	S / 2017 J 3			20 694 000				2017
32	XXIV	Jocaste	five	1.9⋅10 ¹⁴	20 722 566	−609.43	147.248 °	0.2874	2001
33		S / 2003 J 16	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	20 743 779	−610.36	150.769 °	0.3184	2003
34	Xxvii	Praxidics	7	4.3⋅10 ¹⁴	20 823 948	−613.90	144.205 °	0.1840	2001
35	XXII	Harpalike	four	1,2⋅10 ¹⁴	21,063,814	−624.54	147.223 °	0.2440	2001
36	XL	Mnemme	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	21 129 786	−627.48	149.732 °	0.3169	2003
37	XXX	Germippe	four	9.0⋅10 ¹³	21 182 086	−629.81	151.242 °	0.2290	2002	Ananke?
38	XXIX	Thione	four	9.0⋅10 ¹³	21 405 570	−639.80	147.276 °	0.2525	2002	Ananke
39	Lxx	S / 2017 J 9							2017
40	XII	Ananke	28	3.0⋅10 ¹⁶	21 454 952	−642.02	151.564 °	0.3445	1951
41	L	Gerse	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	22 134 306	−672.75	162.490 °	0.2379	2003	Karma
42	Xxxi	Etne	3	4,5⋅10 ¹³	22,285,161	−679.64	165.562 °	0.3927	2002
43	Lxvii	S / 2017 J 6							2017
44	Xxxvii	Kale	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	22 409 207	−685.32	165.378 °	0.2011	2002
45	XX	Taigete	five	1,6⋅10 ¹⁴	22,438,648	−686.67	164.890 °	0.3678	2001
46	Lxi	S / 2003 J 19	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	22,709,061	−699.12	164.727 °	0.1961	2003
47	XXI	Halden	four	7.5⋅10 ¹³	22 713 444	−699.33	167.070 °	0.2916	2001
48	LVIII	S / 2003 J 15	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	22 720 999	−699.68	141.812 °	0.0932	2003	Ananke?
49		S / 2003 J 10	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	22,730,813	−700.13	163.813 °	0.3438	2003	Karma?
50		S / 2003 J 23	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	22,739,654	−700.54	148.849 °	0.3930	2004	Pasif
51	XXV	Erinome	3	4,5⋅10 ¹³	22 986 266	−711.96	163.737 °	0.2552	2001	Karma
52	Xli	Aoide	four	9.0⋅10 ¹³	23 044 175	−714.66	160.482 °	0.6011	2003	Pasif
53	Xliv	Callicore	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	23 111 823	−717.81	164,605 °	0.2041	2003	Karma?
54	Lxvi	S / 2017 J 5							2017
55	Lxix	S / 2017 J 8							2017
56	XXIII	Kalike	five	1.9⋅10 ¹⁴	23,180,773	−721.02	165.505 °	0.2139	2001	Karma
57	Xi	Karma	46	1.3⋅10 ¹⁷	23 197 992	−721.82	165.047 °	0.2342	1938	Karma
58	XVII	Kalliroe	9	8,7⋅10 ¹⁴	23,214,986	−722.62	139.849 °	0.2582	2000	Pasif
59	Xxxii	Eurydome	3	4,5⋅10 ¹³	23,230,858	−723.36	149.324 °	0.3769	2002	Pacife?
60	Lxiii	S / 2017 J 2							2017
61	LVI	S / 2011 J 2	one	?	23,267,000	−726.8	151.85 °	0.387	2011	?
62	Xxxviii	Pasifee	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	23 307 318	−726.93	165.759 °	0.3288	2002	Karma
63	Li	S / 2010 J 1	2		23,314,335	−724.34	163.219 °	0.3200	2010	Pacife?
64	Xlix	Kore	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	23 345 093	−776.02	137.371 °	0.1951	2003	Pasif
65	Xlviii	Killene	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	23,396,269	−731.10	140.148 °	0.4115	2003	Pasif
66	Xlvii	Eucelade	four	9.0⋅10 ¹³	23,483,694	−735.20	163,996 °	0.2828	2003	Karma
67	Lix	S / 2017 J 1	1-2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	23,484,000	−735.21	149.20 °	0.397	2017	Pasif
68		S / 2003 J 4	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	23,570,790	−739.29	147.175 °	0,3003	2003	Pasif
69	VIII	Pasif	60	3.0⋅10 ¹⁷	23,609,042	−741.09	141.803 °	0.3743	1908
70	Xxxix	Hegemone	3	4,5⋅10 ¹³	23,702,511	−745.50	152,506 °	0.4077	2003
71	Xliii	Arche	3	4,5⋅10 ¹³	23,717,051	−746.19	164.587 °	0.1492	2002	Karma
72	XXVI	Isonoe	four	7.5⋅10 ¹³	23 800 647	−750.13	165.127 °	0.1775	2001
73		S / 2003 J 9	one	1,5⋅10 ¹²	23,857,808	−752.84	164.980 °	0.2761	2003
74	LVII	S / 2003 J 5	four	9.0⋅10 ¹³	23 973 926	−758.34	165.549 °	0.3070	2003
75	IX	Sinope	38	7.5⋅10 ¹⁶	24,057,865	−762.33	153.778 °	0.2750	1914	Pasif
76	Xxxvi	Sponde	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	24 252 627	−771.60	154.372 °	0.4431	2002
77	Xxviii	Auto	four	9.0⋅10 ¹³	24,264,445	−772.17	151,058 °	0.3690	2002
78	XIX	Megaclite	five	2.1⋅10 ¹⁴	24,687,239	−792.44	150.398 °	0.3077	2001
79		S / 2003 J 2	2	1,5⋅10 ¹³	30,290,846	−1077.02	153.521 °	0.1882	2003	?

Comments

↑ In order of increasing the major semi-axis.
↑ Negative values indicate retrograde circulation.

Notes

↑ Jupiter: Moons . NASA Date of treatment November 30, 2016.
↑ The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page (inaccessible link) . Scott S. Sheppard, Carnegie Institution for Science (March 2015). Date of treatment November 30, 2016. Archived November 28, 2016.
↑ 03/19/2007 / 17:17 Astronomers compiled a map of Europe
↑ Isaac Asimov. Lucky Starr and the moons of Jupiter (1954) Translation: A. Kozlovsky
↑ Solar System Exploration - Space Gallery
↑ Stuart, 2018 .
↑ David Shiga. Moon marriage may have given Jupiter a ring . New Scientist . 2010-03-19. Date of treatment June 27, 2011. Archived on August 22, 2011.
↑ MPEC 2000 Y16 (neopr.) (December 19, 2000). Date of treatment June 15, 2009. Archived April 2, 2012.
↑ MPEC 2012-R22: S / 2000 J 11 . Minor Planet Center (11 September 2012). Date of treatment March 5, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
↑ Silkin B. I. In the world of many moons / ed. E. L. Ruskol. - Moscow: Nauka, 1982. - S. 47. - 208 p.
↑ Pasiphea: moon of Jupiter
↑ ¹ ² ³ Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service (neopr.) . IAU: Minor Planet Center. Date of treatment January 8, 2011. Archived June 23, 2013.
↑ Sheppard, Scott S. The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page (neopr.) . Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science. Date of treatment September 11, 2012. Archived November 20, 2012.
↑ Emelyanov, NV The mass of Himalia from the perturbations on other satellites (Eng.) // Astronomy and Astrophysics : journal. - 2005. - Vol. 438 , no. 3 . - P. L33 — L36 . - DOI : 10.1051 / 0004-6361: 200500143 . - .

Literature

Ian Stewart. The mathematics of space. How modern science deciphers the universe. = Stewart Ian. Calculating the Cosmos: How Mathematics Unveils the Universe. - Alpina Publisher, 2018 .-- 542 p. - ISBN 978-5-91671-814-0 .

Links

[12] In order of increasing the major semi-axis.

[14] Negative values indicate retrograde circulation.

[1] Jupiter: Moons . NASA Date of treatment November 30, 2016.

[2] The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page (inaccessible link) . Scott S. Sheppard, Carnegie Institution for Science (March 2015). Date of treatment November 30, 2016. Archived November 28, 2016.

[3] 03/19/2007 / 17:17 Astronomers compiled a map of Europe

[4] Isaac Asimov. Lucky Starr and the moons of Jupiter (1954) Translation: A. Kozlovsky

[5] Solar System Exploration - Space Gallery

[_a309e4a5845a634d-6] Stuart, 2018 .

[7] David Shiga. Moon marriage may have given Jupiter a ring . New Scientist . 2010-03-19. Date of treatment June 27, 2011. Archived on August 22, 2011.

[mpec2000y16-8] MPEC 2000 Y16 (neopr.) (December 19, 2000). Date of treatment June 15, 2009. Archived April 2, 2012.

[9] MPEC 2012-R22: S / 2000 J 11 . Minor Planet Center (11 September 2012). Date of treatment March 5, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.

[Silkin_1982-10] Silkin B. I. In the world of many moons / ed. E. L. Ruskol. - Moscow: Nauka, 1982. - S. 47. - 208 p.

[11] Pasiphea: moon of Jupiter

[inner-13] ¹ ² ³ Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service (neopr.) . IAU: Minor Planet Center. Date of treatment January 8, 2011. Archived June 23, 2013.

[shep-main-15] Sheppard, Scott S. The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page (neopr.) . Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science. Date of treatment September 11, 2012. Archived November 20, 2012.

[Emelyanov2005-16] Emelyanov, NV The mass of Himalia from the perturbations on other satellites (Eng.) // Astronomy and Astrophysics : journal. - 2005. - Vol. 438 , no. 3 . - P. L33 — L36 . - DOI : 10.1051 / 0004-6361: 200500143 . - .