Dionysus [* 1] ( dr. Greek Διόνυσος, Διώνυσος , Mycenae di-wo-nu-so-jo [* 2] , lat. Dionysus ), Bacchos , Bacchus ( dr. Greek Βάκχος , lat. Bacchus ) - in ancient Greek mythology [* 3] the youngest of the Olympians , the god of vegetation, viticulture, winemaking , the productive forces of nature, inspiration and religious ecstasy, as well as theater. Mentioned in the Odyssey (XXIV 74).
| Dionysus | |
|---|---|
| Greek Διόνυσος | |
 | |
| God of winemaking and fun, orgy , religious ecstasy | |
| Mythology | ancient greek |
| Floor | |
| Father | Zeus |
| Mother | mortal woman Semela |
| Brothers and sisters | |
| Spouse | Ariadne , daughter of Minos |
| Children | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and |
| Related characters | satire |
| Related concepts | Bacchanalia |
| In other cultures | Bacchus, Bacchos, Liber |
Prior to the discovery of Mycenaean culture, later scholars believed that Dionysus came to Greece from barbarian lands, since his ecstatic cult with frantic dances, exciting music and immoderate drunkenness seemed to researchers alien to the clear mind and sober temperament of the Hellenes . However, the Achaean inscriptions indicate that the Greeks knew Dionysus even before the Trojan War . In Pylos, one of the months was called di-wo-nu-so-jo me-no (the month of Dionysus) [* 4] .
In Roman mythology, it corresponds to Liber ( lat. Liber ) [* 5] .
Myths about Dionysus
According to Cotta’s speech cited by Cicero , there were five Dionyses [1] :
- Son of Zeus and Persephone .
- The son of Nile, killed Nisa.
- The son of Kabir , king of Asia, in his honor the Sabazian festival.
- Son of Zeus and Selena , in his honor the Orphic Mysteries .
- The son of Nis and Fiona, founder of Trieterides.
Birth
From the thigh of Zeus.
Elder Dionysus
Classic Edition
It is traditionally believed that Dionysus was the son of Zeus and Semele [2] , the daughter of Cadmus and Harmony . Upon learning that Semela was expecting a child from Zeus, his wife Hera decided to ruin Semela in anger and, taking the form of either a wanderer or Beroi, the nurse of Semela, inspired her to see her lover in all divine splendor. When Zeus reappeared with Semela, she asked if he was ready to fulfill any of her wishes. Zeus swore by the waters of Styx that he would fulfill it, but the gods cannot break such an oath. Semela asked him to hug her in the form in which he hugs Hera. Zeus was forced to snatch a premature fetus from her womb, which he sewn in his thigh and successfully endured. Thus, Dionysus was born of Zeus from the hip. When Zeus suffered from childbirth, Poseidon treated him to crucian carp [3] .
Dionysus was born six months old and the remaining time was carried by Zeus. Born on Naxos and raised by local nymphs [4] . Or was born on the slopes of Drakan (Crete) [5] .
Alternate
According to the legend of the inhabitants of Brasia (Laconic), when Semele gave birth to a son from Zeus, Cadmus put her in a barrel with Dionysus. The barrel was thrown to the land of Brasius, Semele died, and Dionysus was raised, Ino became his nurse, raising him in a cave [6] .
According to the Achaean story, Dionysus was brought up in the city of Mesatis and here was endangered by the titans [7] .
Raising Dionysus
The myths in which Semele appears, the second mother of Dionysus, has a continuation about the education of God.
To protect his son from the wrath of Hera , Zeus gave Dionysus to be raised by the sister of Semela Ino and her husband Afamant , king of Orkhomen , where they began to raise a young god as a girl so that Hera would not find him. But it did not help. The wife of Zeus sent madness to Afamant, in the fit of which Afamant killed his son, tried to kill Dionysus, and because of this, Ino and his second son had to throw themselves into the sea, where they were received by the Nereids .
Then Zeus turned Dionysos into a kid, and Hermes carried him to the nymphs in Nisa (the city of Beit Shean , Nisa-Skitopolis, in Israel). [8] . Nymphs hid him from Hera, covering the cradle with ivy branches [9] . Brought up in a cave on the Nis [10] . After the death of the first educators, Dionysus was given to the education of the nymphs of the Nisei Valley. There, the mentor of the young god Silenus revealed to Dionysus the secrets of nature and taught him how to make wine.
As a reward for raising his son, Zeus transferred the nymphs to heaven, thus, according to myth, in the sky of Hyades , clusters of stars appeared in the constellation Taurus next to the star Aldebaran .
Dionysus and Madness
When Hera instilled madness in him, he left Oread [11] who raised him and wandered through the lands of Egypt and Syria [12] . According to myths, Dionysus traveled to Egypt, India , Asia Minor , crossed the Hellespont , came to Thrace , and from there he reached his native Thebes in Greece . Wherever this god came, he taught people everywhere to grow grapes, but he was accompanied by madness and violence. According to some myths, Dionysus was driven mad by Hera, who hated him (Hera is the wife of Zeus, and Dionysus was the illegitimate son of a thunderer), he even committed murders, being furious. According to other versions, he himself drove crazy those who rejected him and did not recognize him as a god.
So, according to one version of the myth, King Lycurgus , who rejected Dionysus, killed his son with an ax with madness, convinced that he was cutting down the vine of Dionysus. The daughters of Minius also lost their minds, and King Pentheus was torn to pieces by the distraught Bacchantes. The mother of the unfortunate, Agave , was among these women: she fixed her son's bloodied head on a tiers , convinced that this was the head of a lion cub.
In Argos, Dionysus plunged women into insanity. They fled to the mountains with babies in their arms and began to devour their meat [13] .
Indian Campaign
He went on a campaign against India [14] and returned three years later, so they bring him “three-year sacrifices” and perform Bacchic festivals every 3 years [15] . The first to build a bridge over the Euphrates near the city of Zeugma, where a rope of vines and ivy was stored [16] . Megasphen spoke of the veneration of Dionysos in India [17] . According to some reports, during the war in India, he was killed by Perseus and buried [18] .
Descent into Hades
Dionysus descended to Hades through the swamp of Alkionia, and Polymnus showed him the descent [19] . From Hades, he brought his mother Semela , who became the goddess Fiona.
Captivity at Tyrrhenian Pirates
During the sailing of Dionysus on a trier from Ikaria to Naxos, he was kidnapped by Tyrrhenian pirates (among whom were Alkimedont and Aket ), whom he inadvertently hired. [20]
But they sailed past Naxos, chained Dionysus in a chain and headed for Asia, wanting to sell him into slavery. However, the shackles themselves fell from the hands of Dionysus, and Dionysus turned the masts and oars into a serpent, filling the ship with branches of vines and ivy and singing flutes. He appeared on deck in the form of a bear and a lion. Pirates jumped into the sea with fear and turned into dolphins. [21] [22] [23] [24]
Ariad Marriage
Ariadne is the daughter of the Cretan king Minos , with the help of the thread of which the Athenian hero Theseus was able to get out of the maze. On the island of Naxos , on the way to Athens , the hero treacherously abandoned the girl. Ariadne was ready to end her life, but Dionysos saved her, he took her as his wife. Out of love for his youngest son, Zeus made Ariadne an immortal goddess.
According to another version, Dionysus himself appeared to Theseus in a dream when the hero slept on Naxos, and said that the gods had assigned Ariadne to him, Dionysus, as wives. Theseus obeyed the will of the gods and left Ariadne on the island.
Other traditions
In addition to wine, Dionysus invented “beer” [25] .
Dionysus and the women accompanying him for the first time issued the cry "Evo" on the mountain in Messinia , which was called Eve [26] .
Dionysus was revered by the Arabs [27] . When God fled to Egypt, he turned into a goat [28] .
He went on a campaign against the giants, together with Hephaestus and satyrs on donkeys, donkeys, sensing the giants , roared, and they fled. For this, Donkeys are placed in the sky [29] .
According to Euripides, Zeus made the ghost of Dionysos from the ether and gave it to Hera [30] .
Epithets of Dionysus
- Amphiet . The epithet of Dionysus, which was celebrated annually. The LIII Orphic hymn is dedicated to him.
- Anfiy (Anfin, Antiy). The epithet of Dionysus [31] .
- Apathy . The name of Dionysus [32] .
- dr. Greek βασσαρεύς , from βασσαρίς , "fox") - by the name of the ritual robes of Dionysus and maenads made from fox skins. The name of Dionysus in Thrace. An Orphic hymn is dedicated to him.
- Bromium ("Noisy"). The epithet of Dionysus [33] . Since at his birth thunder (bromine) thundered [34] . See Nonn. Acts of Dionysus V 560. An independent figure in the Derby papyrus.
- Bacchus (Bacchus / Bacchius) [35] Name of Dionysus [36] . He is called so, for he is accompanied by Bacchantes [34] . The statue of Praxiteles in Athens [37] . Statue in Corinth [38] . Also the epithet of Apollo [39] .
- Dendrite ("Woody"). The epithet of Dionysus [40] .
- Digon ( Greek: δίγονος , “twice born”);
- Dimetor ( Greek: διμήτωρ , "having two mothers");
- Praise . The name of Dionysus [41] . It is explained as “double-entry” [42] .
- Evan (Evan). The epithet of Dionysus [43] .
- Ebuley . ("Blessed"). The epithet of Dionysus [44] . Identified with Dionysus and Protogon [45] . The Orphics identified with Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Persephone [46] . Mentioned on Orphic gold plates from burials [47] .
- Evius ("Noisy"; dr. Greek. Βρόμιος Εὔιος ), from dr. Greek. εὖα , draft exclamation (Evius / Evoy / Evgius / Euhius) "jubilant." The epithet of Dionysus [48] .
- Zagrey .
- ( dr. Greek Ἴακχος , “cry, call”); (Yakh) [49] The epithet of Dionysus [50] , is called "two-natural" [51] . The name of Dionysus and the demon leader of the mysteries of Demeter [52] . Torn to pieces [53] . Wooden sieves are connected with it - mystical winders [54] . Located “under the baubo hem”, she showed it to Demeter [55] .
- Iey . The name of Dionysus [56] .
- Iinx . Dionysus was called Iinx [57] .
- Jobah . The epithet of Dionysus [58] .
- Irafiot (Ayrafiot). The epithet of Dionysus sewn into the thigh of Zeus [59] .
- Isodet ("Evenly Separating "). The epithet of Dionysus [60] .
- Kiss ("Ivy"). The epithet of Dionysus in the deme of Aharna [61] .
- Laziness . The epithet of Dionysus [62] . Because grapes are crushed in a barrel (lenos) [34] . An Orphic hymn is dedicated to him.
- Like it . The epithet of Dionysus, in connection with the first fruits of the harvest [63] . His feast at Delphi , where he was buried after being killed by the titans [64] . From the word "lycnon" - a basket in Bacchic processions [65] .
- Fox . (Fox) (The Liberator). The epithet of Dionysus [66] , a statue in Corinth [38] . An Orphic hymn is dedicated to him.
- Leye (Leah; Lieos [67] ; Lyaeus). The epithet of Dionysus [68] . (Virgil, Nonn). It is mainly found among poets and indicates that Dionysus was a liberator from cares and a giver of joy (Lyaeus, laetitiae dator). [67]
- Melpomene . (Lead Dances / Singing). The epithet of Dionysus [69] .
- Mephimney . The epithet of Dionysus [56] .
- Meilichius [70] . The epithet of Dionysus on Naxos, in gratitude for the gifted figs [71] .
- Nickelius ("Night"). The epithet of Dionysus [72] .
- Nisei . The name of Dionysus [73] .
- Oinos (“Wine”). The epithet of Dionysus [74] .
- Omest ("Raw Materials"). The epithet of Dionysus [75] .
- Omfakit . The name of Dionysus [76] .
- Orfos (Ortos; "Direct"). The epithet of Dionysus associated with his phallus. His altar in the sanctuary of Ohr [77] .
- Pericionium . "Surrounded by columns." The epithet of Dionysus, who sent an earthquake to the palace of Cadmus, where Pentheus reigned [78] .
- Problast . The epithet of Dionysus [79] .
- Protrigone . The name of Dionysus [76] .
- Staphylitis . The name of Dionysus [76] .
- Trigon ( Dr. Greek Τρίγονος ). The epithet of Dionysus [80] . Orphic hymns 30.2.
- Trieteric . ("Three Years Old"). The epithet of Dionysus in XLV and LII Orphic hymn.
- Fairy . The epithet of Dionysus [81] .
- Fionaeus (Thionaeus). The name of Dionysus [82] .
- Flion (Flea). The name of Dionysus [83] .
- Friamb (Triamb). The epithet of Dionysus. Since he celebrated his first triumph upon his return from the Indian campaign [84] . For the first time at Pratin (fr. 1, 16 Bergk) (the turn of the VI – V centuries BC) [85] .
- Chiropsal . "Stroking feminine charms." The epithet of Dionysus was venerated at Sikion [86] .
- Trochaic . "Place". The epithet of Dionysus [87] .
- Chrysopator . The epithet of Dionysus [88] .
- Egobol ("Defeating goats"). The epithet of Dionysus, the temple in Potnius [89] .
- Eleutherius [90] , that is, Elevfer - according to the name of the city of Eleuther in Boeotia , near the borders with Attica , from where, presumably, the cult of Dionysus became widespread in Attica [91] .
- Eleleus . The epithet of Dionysus [43] .
- Eriboy . The epithet of Dionysus [92] .
- Esimnet (The Lord). The epithet of Dionysus. He was in a casket made by Hephaestus and given from Zeus to Dardan . After the capture of Troy, he was taken to Achaea , where he was kept in Patras [93] .
Characters Associated with Dionysus
Beloved Dionysus
- Ariadne .
- Avra
- Beroya.
- Aphrodite .
- Laon.
- Erigona (daughter of Icarius) .
Offspring
- Hermes Chthonius. From Aphrodite (version).
- Hymen . From Aphrodite (version).
- Dejanira . From Alphea (version).
- Didyms ( Jobakh - one of them). From Avra .
- Com (Comus) .
- Maron (version)
- Narkei. From Fiskoi.
- Priap . From Aphrodite, or Chion, or nymphs.
- Satyr and Teleta . From Nicaea.
- Fionaeus.
- Fliant . From Arefirei, or Chtonophila, or Ariadne.
- Foant, Fan (argonaut) , Stafil, Enopion and Peparef, also Eurymedont and Enia. From Ariadne.
- Harits . From Coronis or Aphrodite (version).
OK. 20 names.
Defeated by Dionysus
- Alpos.
- Ask (giant). Captured Dionysus, defeated by Hermes.
- Hebrew (giant).
- Lycurgus (son of Driant) . Dionysus infused him with madness.
- Orontes.
- Pentheus . Torn to pieces by bacchanes.
- Ret (giant).
- Siphon , king in Thrace.
- Tyrrhenian pirates.
Companions of Dionysus
- Bassarids .
- Bacchus .
- Hyades .
- Coribant .
- Melia .
- Maenads .
- Mimallons .
- Satire .
- Titers .
- Trieterides. Companions of Dionysus [94] . The festival of Trieteride was instituted by the fifth Dionysus [1] .
- Fiad .
- Akrat . Companion of Dionysus, the demon of unmixed wine [95] .
- Akratopot . The god of wine drinking, revered in Munichia [96] .
- Corinth The son of Mystida [97] .
- Meta (Mete). The wife of Stafil [98] . The goddess of intoxication in Elis , in the temple of Silenus [99] . A picture with her image in Epidaurus [100] . Gives Silenus wine in a goblet [101] .
- Mystida . One of the nurses of Dionysus [102] .
- Ovista . False spelling of the name Stafil [103] .
- Thales (Falet). Deity, companion of Dionysus [104] . Killen sacrifices are brought to him [105] .
- Fasiliya (Fasileia). Companion Meta [106] .
- Fisa . The daughter of Dionysus, with whom he has fun on Ida [107] .
See also:
- Avtonoy .
- Agave
- Dirk .
- Ino .
Items related to Dionysus:
- . Branches on the Eleusinian Mysteries.
- Nebrida . According to one story, Demeter in Attica endowed the Nebrid family with the skin of a young deer [108] .
- Thiers .
Aspects of Dionysus
Grapes and wine, trees, bread are traditionally associated with this deity. But, apparently, these later attributes are secondary. The main symbol of Dionysus, as, first of all, the god of producing power, was the bull . Bacchae sang:
- Oh come, good Dionysus,
- To the temple of Elea,
- To the holy temple
- Oh come in a circle of Harita
- Furiously furious
- With a bull foot
- Good bull
- Good bull!
Dionysus the Bull
Dionysus is often portrayed as a bull or a man with horns (Dionysus Zagray). So it was, for example, in the city of Kisik , in Phrygia . There are antique images of Dionysus in this form, so, on one of the statuettes that have reached us, he is presented dressed in bull skin, whose head, horns and hooves are thrown back. On the other, he is depicted as a child with a bull head and a wreath of grapes around the body. Such epithets as “born cow”, “bull”, “bull-like”, “bull-faced”, “bull-faced”, “bull-horned”, “cuckold”, “two-horned” were applied to God. According to the myth, the Titans killed Dionysus when he adopted the image of a bull, so the Cretans , playing the passions and death of Dionysus, tore apart a living bull with their teeth.
Apparently, because of this symbolic connection, the belief appeared that it was Dionysus who first harnessed the bulls to the plow. Until that time, according to legend, people dragged the plow manually.
Accepted Dionysus and the appearance of a goat . In Athens and in the Argolitic city of Hermigon, there was a cult of Dionysus, "wearing the skin of a black goat." And in the myth of the education of Dionysus in Ino, Zeus turned the young god into a kid (sometimes a lamb is mentioned) in order to save Hera from the fury. The connection with the goat, as well as the connection with the productive force and nature, is indicated by the constant companions of Dionysus - satire .
Помимо быка как основного животного, символически связанного с Дионисом, в мифах в связи с этим богом фигурируют хищные кошки вроде гепардов и львов, медведи, а также змеи.
- Когда же приспел ему срок,
- Рогоносного бога родил он [Зевс],
- Из змей венок ему сделал,
- И с той поры этой дикой добычей
- Обвивает менада чело.
— Еврипид , «Вакханки»
Дионис — бог растений
Видимо через свою связь с производящей силой, Дионис был отождествлён с растениями, особенно виноградом, как сырьём для вина, и деревьями. Почти все греки приносили жертвы Дионису Древесному. Одним из прозвищ, которое дали беотийцы богу, было имя Дионис-в-Дереве. Этот бог часто изображался в виде столба в плаще, лицом которому служила бородатая маска с лиственными побегами. Этот бог был покровителем деревьев, особенно культурных. Он был в особом почёте у садоводов, которые воздвигали ему в своих садах статуи в виде пней, к нему возносили молитвы об ускорении роста деревьев, его называли Изобильным, Раскрывающимся и Цветущим. Из всех деревьев богу особо посвящались сосна и фиговое дерево, а из растений, кроме виноградной лозы, — плющ .
Интересно, что, как и другие боги растений иных культур, Дионис являлся умирающим и воскресающим богом, что даже наталкивало некоторых исследователей на мысль, будто Дионис — замаскированный Осирис , культ которого заимствован в Египте . Более того, как и Осирис, Вакх имел отношение к смерти и царству мёртвых. Его матерью была Персефона , правительница Аида , он бог, которого растерзали титаны, но который возродился, он играл определённую роль в элевсинских мистериях (культ Деметры , который был так же связан с таинством смерти и возрождения), наконец, он, согласно мифу, спускался в Аид, откуда вывел свою смертную мать, Семелу , и правителю которого подарил мирт , что указывает на символическую связь Гадеса и Диониса. Однако гипотеза о тождестве Диониса и Осириса не выдерживает критики из-за животных аспектов греческого божества, а также его экстатической, безумной природы, символизируемой вином.
Дионис-младенец и предвечные воды
В книге В. Ф. Отто о Дионисе есть глава, посвящённая связи этого божества с морской стихией и водой. В « Илиаде » говорится о море как о месте обитания Диониса, где он находится под опекой Фетиды . В лаконийском варианте мифологемы говорится, что малыш Дионис пристал к берегу в сундуке вместе со своей мёртвой матерью, опекунша Диониса, Ино, стала морским божеством, после того как, гонимая обезумевшим мужем, прыгнула в морскую пучину. Аргивяне каждый год отмечали возвращение Диониса из царства мёртвых, куда он спустился за своей матерью, около Алкинского озера, которое, по преданию, и служило богу вратами в Аид. Из воды же призывают восстать Диониса на Лерне , называя его Πελάγιος («он из моря»), Λιμναΐος («он из озера») и Λιμναγένης («рождённый озером»). И образ ребёнка, в котором часто изображали бога, и связь с водой указывают на состояние «ещё неотделённости» Диониса от небытия.
На последнее состояние бога указывают и его гермафродические , двуполые черты. Диониса часто изображают с округлыми чертами, «женоподобным». В мифе о его воспитании Дионис был переодет в девочку; он всё время окружён женщинами, начиная от воспитательниц нимф (ещё одна связь с водой), и заканчивая его постоянными спутницами, поклоняющимися ему менадами и вакханками, названными так в соответствии с его вторым именем.
Дионисизм. Культ Диониса
Заповеди любимейшего из богов греков Аполлона гласили: «Знай меру», «Соблюдай границы» и «Укрощай свой дух». Но не являлось ли это напоминание греков о мере и соблюдении границ признаком некого страха перед самими собой, перед неким демоническим началом человеческой природы, которую вскрыл безумный экстатический культ Диониса? «Религия Диониса прежде казалась настолько необъяснимой и чуждой „гомеровской“ традиции, что эту главу в духовной истории греков предпочитали замалчивать или умалять её значение. Если вера в Олимп шла по пути очеловечения богов, то здесь, напротив, основной чертой было „расчеловечение“ самих людей», — говорит Александр Мень , а далее продолжает: «Дионисизм показал, что под покровом здравого смысла и упорядоченной гражданской религии клокотало пламя, готовое в любой момент вырваться наружу».
Грецию захлестнула волна культа, в котором не было место рассудку, в котором отступали все правила, нарушались запреты, в котором больше не было города с его законами, а было лишь экстатическое единение с мирозданием, где всё кружилось в безумном танце: небо и земля, звери и люди, жизнь и смерть, боль и наслаждение.
Утверждать Дионисийское начало — значит признавать и понимать ту роль, которую играет в жизни боль и смерть, приветствовать весь спектр ощущений от жизни до смерти, от боли до экстаза, включая травматический опыт ( Том Мур из книги «Puer Papers» ).
Дионисизм означает освобождение беспредельного влечения, взрыв необузданной динамики животной и божественной природы; поэтому в дионисийском хоре человек появляется в образе сатира , сверху — бог, снизу — козёл ( К. Г. Юнг. «Психологические типы» ).
Festivities in honor of Dionysus - bromalia or bacchanalia , the so-called orgies are somewhat similar in description to the witch’s coven: during the festivities, the river flowed, exciting all the senses of the person, invigorating, liberating, rhythmic music sounded, the dancers performed dances, which, coupled with the exaltation of all the senses and amazing music, brought the participants to a state of euphoria and ecstasy bordering on madness. Especially in this sense, women stood out, the so-called. maenads (from the word "mania" - insanity) or bacchantes, who received their nickname from the second name of God (hence the concept of " bacchanalia " arose), which, according to some accounts, could burst a herd of bulls with a bare hand. “The demonic forces lurking in a man easily take possession of him when he throws himself into the maelstrom of exaltation . The delight of being among the fans of Dionysos often resulted in rapture of blood and destruction. There were times when women dragged babies into the woods and there, rushing through the mountains, tearing them to pieces or throwing them on stones. A supernatural power then appeared in their hands, ”says Men.
They carry destruction everywhere:
I saw them kidnapping children
They were carried on their shoulders, not tied up,
And babies didn’t fall to the ground.
All that they wanted, in their arms
Could raise: neither copper nor iron
The heaviness did not resist them
( Euripides, Bacchus )
Dionysism preached a merger with nature, in which man completely surrenders to it. When dancing among the forests and valleys to the sound of music brought the bacchante into a state of frenzy, he bathed in waves of cosmic delight, his heart beat in harmony with the whole world. Then the whole world seemed delightful with its good and evil, beauty and ugliness. <...> All that a person sees, hears, perceives and smells is a manifestation of Dionysus. It is spilled everywhere. The smell of slaughter and a sleepy pond, icy winds and exhausting heat, delicate flowers and a disgusting spider - the divine is in everything. The mind cannot come to terms with it; it condemns and approves, sorts and chooses. But what is his judgment worth when the “sacred madness of Bacchus”, caused by an intoxicating dance under a blue sky or at night in the light of stars and lights, reconciles with everything! The distinction between life and death disappears. Man no longer feels divorced from the Universe; he has identified with it and, therefore, with Dionysus. ( Alexander Men. History of Religion. )
In the end, Dionysism conquered all of Greece by the 8th – 7th centuries. BC e. But the cult, which aimed to lighten the soul from everything mortal, to merge it in ecstasy with the universe and thereby prove the immortality of the soul, crawled more and more into frantic orgies (because of this the word has now found a negative connotation), as well as a rampant revelry of passions with incitement of instincts. To stop this wave, the festivities of Dionysus were allowed to be held only in Parnassus and, moreover, only every two years (in the so-called "trieterids"). In the rest of Greece, the festivities of Bacchus were timed to the feasts of farmers and gardeners, only the games of the mummers remained from the mad frenzy, and the bloody sacrifices were replaced by the offering of fruit to the god.
Apparently, this taming of primitive Dionysism caused its new wave, which passed from the same Thrace, but this time Dionysism was tamed by the rational, ordering Apollonian principle. All this resulted in the so-called. Orphic cult or Orphism , named after the legendary prophet Dionysus Orpheus .
Especially the veneration of Dionysus increased during the Hellenistic era [91] .
From religious rites dedicated to Dionysus, an ancient Greek tragedy arose.
In literature and art
- XXVI and XXXIV hymns of Homer are dedicated to Dionysus.
- Dionysus is the protagonist of the tragedy of Aeschylus “The Edonians”, the tragedy of Euripides “Bacchus”, the comedies of Aristophanes “The Frogs” and “Dionysus, the shipwrecked”.
- Satire dramas : Aeschylus - “The Nurses of Dionysus” (fr. 246v Radt), Sophocles - “The Baby Dionysus” (fr. 171-172 Radt).
- The tragedy of Heremon "Dionysus" [109] .
- Satire dramas : Aeschylus - “The Nurses of Dionysus” (fr. 246v Radt), Sophocles - “The Baby Dionysus” (fr. 171-172 Radt).
- In the picture of Ctesilochus, “Zeus giving birth to Dionysus,” was depicted in the miter and moaning like a woman surrounded by goddesses [110] .
- He influenced a significant part of the work of Friedrich Nietzsche , see "The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music", which reveals a special representation of the Dionysian principle.
- An alternative story of Dionysus is set out in the novel by G. L. Oldie, "Grandson of Perseus: My Grandfather is the Fighter." The book tells about the struggle of Perseus and Dionysus, as well as the formation of the latter, as God.
- The work devoted to the study of the symbolic meaning of the stories connected with Dionysus is the anthology “Madness and His God” (authors Walter F. Otto et al.) It examines the problem of sacred madness and points out the underestimation of the significance of the cult of Dionysus. And also a hypothesis is put forward that the stories about Dionysus have, rather, a symbolic meaning than historical. The anthology also contains a number of stories that serve to expand the associative series of the reader.
See also
- Aarra
- Order of Bacchus
- Dionysius
- Thiaz
Notes
- ↑ In the Appendix “Proper Nouns” to the normative “ Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language ” by A. A. Zaliznyak ( ISBN 978-5-462-00766-8 ), double stress with a conditional sign ♠ relating to stress on -– is indicated ; the sign means "an option that does not correspond to the main literary Uzus, presented only in the speech of people who are related by the nature of their activity to the corresponding country, or in the speech of some philologists." Orthoepic dictionaries give both options.
- ↑ Subject-conceptual dictionary of the Greek language. Mycenaean period. L., 1986. P.142
- ↑ Myths of the peoples of the world . M., 1991-92. In 2 t. T. 1. P.380-382, Lubker F. The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities . M., 2001. In 3 vol. T. 1. S.454-457
- ↑ Subject-conceptual dictionary of the Greek language. Mycenaean period. L., 1986. P.157
- ↑ Bacchus, in mythology // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
Literature
Used
- ↑ 1 2 Cicero. About the nature of the gods III 58
- ↑ Hesiod. Theogony 940–942
- ↑ Athenaeum. Feast of the Sages VIII 36, 346c, link to Demetrius of Skepticism
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- ↑ Theocritus. Idylls XXVI 34; Nonn. Acts of Dionysus IX 16
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas III 24, 3
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas VII 18, 4; 21, 6
- ↑ Diodorus of Sicily. Historical Library IV 2, 3
- ↑ Ovid. Fasti III 770
- ↑ Hymns of Homer XXVI 5-6; XXXIV 8-9
- ↑ Euripides. Cyclops 4
- ↑ Pseudo-Apollodorus. Mythological library III 4, 3
- ↑ Pseudo-Apollodorus. Mythological library III 5, 2
- ↑ Bukharin M. D. The Indian Campaigns of Dionysus and Heracles in the Ancient Literary Tradition // India and the Ancient World. M. , 2002.
- ↑ Diodorus of Sicily. Historical Library IV 3, 1-3
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas X 29, 4
- ↑ Strabo. Geography XV 1, 58 (p. 711)
- ↑ Augustine. On the City of God XVIII 13
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- ↑ Pseudo-Apollodorus . Mythological Library
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- ↑ 1 2 3 Diodorus of Sicily. Historical Library IV 5, 1
- ↑ Myths of the peoples of the world. M., 1991-92. In 2 t. T. 1. S.210
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- ↑ Orphic hymns XXXIV 7
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- ↑ Olympiodor. Plato's life
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- ↑ Orphic hymns XXIX 8; XXX 7
- ↑ Fragments of the early Greek philosophers. Part 1. M., 1989. S. 43-44
- ↑ Filodam. Pean Dionysus, Art. 1; Nonn. Acts of Dionysus IX 110
- ↑ Myths of the peoples of the world. M., 1991-92. In 2 t. T. 1. S.476-477
- ↑ Euripides. Bacchus 725; Aristophanes. Frogs 316; Seneca. Oedipus 437; Nonn. Acts of Dionysus XXXI 67
- ↑ Ovid. Metamorphoses IV 15; Orphic Hymns XLII 4
- ↑ Strabo. Geography X 3, 10 (p. 468)
- ↑ Lucian. About the dance 39
- ↑ Virgil. Georgians I 166
- ↑ Clement. Protreptik 21, 1, according to the Orphic hymn to Demeter
- ↑ 1 2 Athenaeum. Feast of the Sages VIII 64, 363b
- ↑ Graves R. White Goddess. Yekaterinburg, 2005. P.219
- ↑ Filodam. Pean Dionysus, Art. 5; Nonn. Acts of Dionysus IX 182
- ↑ Orphic hymns XLVIII 2; Nonn. Acts of Dionysus IX 23
- ↑ Plutarch. About E in Delphi 9
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas I 31, 6
- ↑ Ovid. Metamorphoses IV 14
- ↑ Orphic hymns XLVI; Plutarch. About Isis and Osiris 35
- ↑ Comment by N. B. Klyachko in the book. Plutarch. Isis and Osiris. M., 1996. P.82
- ↑ Losev A.F. Mythology of the Greeks and Romans. M., 1996. P.169
- ↑ Orphica, fr. 232 Cairn; Plutarch. Table Talks VII 10, 2
- ↑ 1 2 Lieos // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Ovid. Metamorphoses IV 11; Orphic hymns LXV 9
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas I 2, 5; 31, 6
- ↑ Lubker F. The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. M., 2001. In 3 vol. T. 2. S.370
- ↑ Athenaeum. Feast of the Sages III 14, 78c
- ↑ Ovid. Metamorphoses IV 15; Seneca. Oedipus 492; Nonn. Acts of Dionysus VII 349
- ↑ Ovid. Metamorphoses IV 13; Orphic Hymns LII 2
- ↑ Orphica, fr. 216 Kern; Notes A. A. Tahoe-Godi in the book. Plato. Collected works. M., 1990-1994. In 4 t. T. 2. S.430
- ↑ Plutarch. Themistocles 13
- ↑ 1 2 3 Elian. Colorful Stories III 41
- ↑ Athenaeum. Feast of the Sages II 7, 38c; Notes by O. L. Levinskaya, I. V. Rybakova in the book. Athenaeum. Feast of the sages. Book 1-8. M., 2003. S. 518
- ↑ Orphic hymns XLVII
- ↑ Lycophron. Alexandra 578
- ↑Ferhle E. Trigonos // Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie : [ him. ] : in 6 Bd. / Herausgegeben von W. S. Roscher . - Leipzig: , 1924. - Bd. V. - Kol. 1110. - 1572 Kol.
- ↑ Aeschylus, fr. 382 Radt, from an unknown drama
- ↑ Catullus. Poems XXVII 7; Ovid. Metamorphoses IV 13
- ↑ Plutarch. Table talks V 8, 3; Alian. Colorful Stories III 41
- ↑ Diodorus of Sicily. Historical Library IV 5, 2
- ↑ Commentary by O. P. Tsybenko in the book. Diodorus of Sicily. Historical library. Prince 4-7. St. Petersburg, 2005. S.300
- ↑ Clement. Protreptic 39, 3
- ↑ Plutarch. Table talks V 6, 1
- ↑ Nonn. Acts of Dionysus XVII 568
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas IX 8, 2
- ↑ Plutarch. Table talks VII 10, 2; Pausanias. Description of Hellas I 29, 2
- ↑ 1 2 Diodorus of Sicily. Historical library. Book IV. Notes
- ↑ Pindar, fr. 75 Bergk, Art. 10
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas VII 19, 6; 20, 1
- ↑ Euripides. Bacchanas 129
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas I 2, 5
- ↑ Athenaeum. Feast of the Sages II 9, 39c, link to Polemon
- ↑ Nonn. Acts of Dionysus XIII 140
- ↑ Nonn. Acts of Dionysus XVIII 123
- ↑ Lubker F. The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. M., 2001. In 3 vol. T. 3. S. 301
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas II 27, 3
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas VI 24, 8
- ↑ Nonn. Acts of Dionysus IX 98; Xii 388
- ↑ First Vatican mythograph I 86 and comm.
- ↑ Aristophanes. Acharnians 263
- ↑ Lucian. Zeus tragic 42
- ↑ Nonn. Acts of Dionysus XX 122
- ↑ Euripides. Palamed, fr. 586 Science = Strabo. Geography X 3, 13 (p. 470)
- ↑ Arnobius. Against the Gentiles V 39
- ↑ Aristotle. Rhetoric II 23, about Penfe
- ↑ Pliny the Elder. Natural History XXXV 140
Recommended
- Bacchus, in mythology // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Kun N. A. Legends and myths of Ancient Greece. - M .: CJSC Firm STD, 2005. - 558 p. - ISBN 5-89808-013-9 .
- Fraser, J. J. Golden Branch: A Study of Magic and Religion / Per. from English M.K. Ryklin. - M .: Eksmo, 2006 .-- 960 p. - ISBN 5-699-16797-8 .
- Jung K. G. Soul and myth. Six archetypes / Per. with him. A.A. Spector. - Minsk: Harvest, 2004 .-- 400 p. - ISBN 985-13-1560-5 .
- Kerenyi K. Dionysus. The prototype of an inexhaustible life. - M .: Ladomir, 2007 .-- 416 p. - ISBN 978-5-86218-438-9 .
- Ivanov V. Dionysus and Pradionism. - St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2000 .-- 352 p. - ISBN 5-89329-243-X .
- Kuzina N.V. 2008: The cult of Dionysus in the ancient states of the Northern Black Sea Region: content, socio-political aspect, local specificity : Auth. diss ... candidate of historical sciences Ivanovo
Links
- Dionysus / Religion History
- Declaration of God in Good / Ancient Greek Religion
- Dionysus as an archetype in psychology
- V. Mikhailin. Dionysus and the modern myth of Dionysus .
- Dionysus // The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities / ed. F. Lubker ; Edited by members of the Society of Classical Philology and Pedagogy F. Gelbke , L. Georgievsky , F. Zelinsky , V. Kansky , M. Kutorgi and P. Nikitin . - SPb. , 1885.