Natural science (from the Russian. Nature and in charge ; Russian. Doref. Naturals dnіe ) - a set of knowledge about nature, or natural science as a subject of teaching.
School subject , taught in primary and secondary classes of modern secondary schools in Russia , Ukraine and other countries that were previously part of the USSR . In many schools, the subject is renamed the " World around ."
Natural science teaches the elementary fundamentals of the natural sciences ( astronomy , biology , geography , geology , physics , chemistry , ecology , etc.), provides students with basic knowledge of nature, their native land, human anatomy, and human interaction with the environment . In the last year of study, the course of natural history prepares for a deeper and more specialized study of the subjects of the natural science cycle.
Content
History
In the Russian Empire
For the first time a course in natural history was introduced in Russian schools in the second half of the 18th century. The textbook of V.F. Zuev "The outline of natural history, published for the Popular Schools of the Russian Empire ..." (1786) set the main features of the subject matter and structure. The author believed that to start a child's natural science education, it is necessary to familiarize him with the surrounding nature, and the order of familiarization should go from inanimate nature to plants, and then to animals.
However, until the end of the XIX century, despite the large number of studied stories about nature, natural history did not exist as a separate educational course for elementary school. The first textbook written for the course of “one indivisible science” about the world appeared in 1883 - “The world of God. Earth, air and water ” A. Ya. Gerd . The planned second part - “Plants, animals and man” - never saw the light. One of the main goals of the course, the author saw the formation of a worldview that "agrees with the current state of the natural sciences." In addition to reading the textbook, the students' observations and simple, accessible experiences should have been the basis of instruction.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the initial course of natural science in one form or another was established in almost all educational institutions - cadet schools, women's gymnasiums, real schools, classical gymnasiums, and in the latter the course was called "Natural History". The textbooks basically followed the order of presentation given by Zuev: the inorganic world — plants — man and animals.
The program, developed in 1901 by D. N. Kaigorodov , suggested focusing on the interaction of plants and animals with each other and with the environment, and the basis of the training should be excursions to typical places of the “hostel” of plants and animals (forest, meadow, field, garden, pond, etc.). The task of the course was to make the introduction to nature, so that students feel like a part of it and learn to perceive its beauty. Many ideas of the proposed program influenced the courses of natural history in the schools of the USSR .
In the USSR
After a series of reforms, in the 40s and 50s, general natural science , as an independent subject, was preserved only in the program of the 4th grade.
By the mid-60s, natural science and geography were merged into natural history, and this discipline was introduced into the programs of the 2nd and 3rd classes.
The subject was supposed to give elementary knowledge of objects and phenomena of nature to schoolchildren, to form a desire for the careful use of the riches of nature, for its protection, to cultivate a love for it. In grade 2, seasonal changes in nature were studied; in the third, the themes “Nature of our land”, “Our Homeland on the globe and map”, “Use and protection of nature by man”, “Human body and protection of health” were studied; in the 4th, the themes “Earth - Planet of the Solar System”, “Air”, “Water”, “Rocks”, “Soil”, “Plants, Animals and the External Environment”. A number of experimental and trial textbooks and manuals have been published; conducted methodical research on student education.
In the Russian Federation
In the early 90s, a new natural history program was introduced for a four-year elementary school, developed by Pleshakov, and textbooks by this author were published. The new program identifies environmental education and upbringing of schoolchildren as one of its main goals. Attention is paid to the development of an environmentally sound system of values among students, to preventing the formation of a consumer approach to nature. The course studies topics of the diversity of nature, the unity of nature and man, the possibility of a negative influence of a person on the natural environment and the effects of a modified environment on the person himself. The program is supplemented with information about the history of the development of the natural sciences. As of 2013, natural science is taught up to the 5th grade.
In other countries
Natural science is also taught in schools of the states that were previously part of the USSR (Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Estonia). In other countries, there are general school courses in the natural sciences, similar to natural history ("Natural Science", "Native Land", etc.).
See also
- Natural science at school
- Absurd nature study
- Natural Sciences
Literature
- Kaigorodov D. N. On various topics, mainly pedagogical, SPB, 1907
- Yagodovsky KP Practical. classes in science in the beginning. school, M., 1953
- Gerd A. Ya. Selected pedagogical works, M., 1953
- Markin V.I. Explanatory reading on natural science in the beginning. School, M. - L., 1953
- Fedorov V.N. The development of the methodology of natural science in prerev. Russia, Moscow, 1958
- Skatkin MH Methods of teaching science in the beginning. classes, M., 1959
- Pavlovich S. A., Matveeva A. N., Goroshenko V. P. The book on natural history. Fundamentals and methods of natural history, M., 1969
- Kovaleva G. Ye. Method of the formation and development of natural science. concepts in the fourth grade., L., 1975
- Goroshchenko V.P. Melchakov L.F., Stepanov I.A., Fundamentals of Natural History, M., 1976
- Rykov N. A. The development of methods of natural history in the Sov. School, NS, 1977, № 10
- Mel'chakov L.F. Lessons in natural history in grade 3, M., 1980
- Fedorov V.N. Methods of teaching natural history in grade 4, M., 1983
- Goroshchenko V.P., Stepanov I.A. Methods of Teaching Natural History, M., 1984
- Akvileva G. N., Klepilina 3. A. Observations and experiments on the lessons of natural history, M., 1988
- Chistova L.P. Lessons in natural history in class 2, M., 1990
- Pakulova V.M., Kuznetsova V.I. Methods of Teaching Natural History, M., 1990
- Pleshakov A. A. Natural Science in the 3rd grade., M., 1993
- Pleshakov A. A. Natural Science in the 4th grade, M., 1994
Notes
Links
- Nature Studies - Pedagogical Dictionary
- Russian educational standard of basic general education in natural history (5th grade)