Foreign trade of Belarus - the exchange of the Republic of Belarus of goods and services with other states.
Content
General indicators
- Export and import of goods by year
There was no positive balance of trade in goods in 1995-2017, the minimum negative balance (-344.5 million USD) was in 2012, and the maximum (-9600.9 million USD) was in 2010 [1] .
- Export and import of services by year
In 2005-2017, the balance of trade in services was positive [2] .
Trade in goods and services
The National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus uses two methodologies for accounting for foreign trade in goods and services - the used by the United Nations (SITC) and the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).
According to the classification of SITC (international)
- Food and live animals
| Export (mln. USD): | Share in total exports (%): |
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| Import (mln. USD): | Share in total imports (%): |
- Beverages and Tobacco
| Export (mln. USD): | Import (mln. USD): |
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- Non-food raw materials, except fuel
| Export (mln. USD): | Import (mln. USD): |
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- Mineral fuels, lubricants and similar materials
| Export (mln. USD): | Share in total exports (%): |
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| Import (mln. USD): | Share in total imports (%): |
- Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes
| Export (mln. USD): | Import (mln. USD): |
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- Chemicals and similar products
| Export and import (mln. USD): | Share in total exports and imports (%): |
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- Industrial goods
| Export and import (mln. USD): | Share in total exports and imports (%): |
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- Machines and transport equipment
| Export and import (mln. USD): | Share in total exports and imports (%): |
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- Various finished products
| Export and import (mln. USD): |
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According to the classification of the FEA EAEU
Below is the statistics of export and import of goods according to the classification of the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
- Crop Products
In 2016, the export of crop production amounted to 556.9 million USD, the share in the total export volume amounted to 2.37%. Of these, 235.6 million USD of vegetables, root crops and tubers, 235.6 million USD of fruits and nuts, 22.7 million USD of cereals, 74.8 million USD of products of the flour and cereal industry [3] .
| Crop products trade: |
|---|
In 2016, imports of crop products amounted to 1950.7 million USD, a share in the total volume of imports - 7.07% [4] . The main import items:
- apples, pears, quinces - 744 thousand tons for 427 million USD, including 292 million USD from Poland, 30 million USD from Moldova, 16 million USD from Lebanon;
- tomatoes - 187 thousand tons for 218 million USD, including 110 million USD from Turkey, 29 million USD from Spain, 22 million USD from Ukraine, 9 million USD from Spain;
- apricots, cherries, cherries, peaches, plums - 141 thousand tons for 173 million USD, from 1 to 16 million USD were imported from 17 countries of Europe, Asia, Africa;
- grapes - 74 thousand tons for 105 million USD, including 69 million USD from Turkey, 12 million USD from Moldova, 4 million USD from India, 3 million USD from Syria;
- citrus fruits - 92 thousand tons for 90 million USD, including 25 million USD from Turkey, 16 million USD from Spain, 8 million USD from Italy, 7 million USD from Egypt [5] .
- Livestock Products
In 2016, exports of animal products and live animals amounted to USD 2,680.5 million, the share in the total export volume amounted to 11.39%. 692.8 million USD of which were meat and edible meat offal, 115.7 million USD - fish, crustaceans and mollusks, 1859 million USD - dairy products, eggs, honey, and other products of animal origin. Since the 2000s, the vast majority of exports of this type of product go to Russia and the CIS countries [6] .
| Livestock products trade: |
|---|
Some export items [7] :
- Fresh or chilled beef - 315 million USD;
- Frozen beef - 153 million USD;
- Meat and edible offal from poultry - 211 million USD;
- Dried, salted, smoked, processed fish - 108 million USD;
- Condensed milk and cream - 183 million USD;
- Condensed and dried milk and cream - 458 million USD (426 million USD to Russia, 23 million USD to Kazakhstan, 5 million USD to Ukraine);
- Buttermilk, yogurt, kefir - 94 million USD;
- Butter - 333 million USD;
- Cheeses and cottage cheese - 690 million USD (676 million USD to Russia, 7 million USD to Kazakhstan);
- Sausages and similar products - 82 million USD;
- Ready or canned fish - 124 million USD (110 million USD to Russia, 6 million USD to Ukraine, 1.7 million USD to Lithuania, 1.5 million USD to the USA);
The import of these products amounted to 534.6 million USD in 2016 [8] .
- Animal and vegetable fats and oils
| Exports of fats and oils (million USD): |
|---|
Import amounted to 150.7 million USD (2016) [9] .
- Prepared foods, drinks (including alcoholic drinks), vinegar, tobacco
In 2016, the export of finished food products, non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks, vinegar, tobacco and its substitutes amounted to 871.5 million USD. Most of the exports fell to Russia (679 million USD, or 77.9%). The main export positions are finished products from meat, fish or crustaceans, mollusks (258.5 million USD), sugar and confectionery from it (198.7 million USD), cocoa and products from it (44.5 million USD) ), finished products from grains of cereals, flour, starch or milk (84.5 million USD), processed products of vegetables, fruits, nuts (49.6 million USD), alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, vinegar (142.3 million USD). The export of tobacco products in 2013β2015 exceeded USD 100 million, and stopped in 2016 [10] . Sugar export in 2016 amounted to 183 million USD, including 145 million USD of sugar was exported to Russia, 23 million USD to Ukraine, 9 million USD to Moldova, 2 million USD to Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan [11 ] .
| Trade in prepared foods and drinks: |
|---|
Import in 2016 amounted to 1391 million USD. The most important import items:
- waste generated by the extraction of other vegetable oils - 548 thousand tons for 122 million USD, including 111 million USD from Ukraine and 10 million USD from Russia;
- Waste from soybean oil extraction - 269 thousand tons for 114 million USD, including 44 million USD from Russia, 42 million USD from Argentina, 26 million USD from Ukraine;
- animal feed products - 56 thousand tons per 100 million USD, including 51 million USD from Russia, 9 million USD from China and Belgium [12] .
- Mineral products
Trade in mineral products (primarily petroleum products) is one of the most important foreign trade directions of Belarus. In 2016, goods worth USD 5053.8 million were delivered for export, including USD 4848.6 million of mineral fuel, oil and products of their distillation and USD 202.8 million of salt, stone, plastering materials, lime and cement. The geography of export of petroleum products is wide, more than half of exports are to countries outside the CIS [13] .
| Export and import of mineral fuels, oil and distillation products: |
|---|
All exported crude oil (1.6 million tons to 471.6 million USD) was shipped to Germany. Most of the cement (1.6 million tons to 67.5 million USD) was exported to Russia (1.45 million tons, or 59 million USD), significant volumes - to Poland (119 thousand tons) and Lithuania (47 , 8 thousand tons). Liquefied gas (436 thousand tons, 126 million USD) was exported to Ukraine (235 thousand tons, 64 million USD), Russia (43 thousand tons, 21 million USD), Poland (124 thousand tons, 31 million . USD). The geography of oil product supplies is very wide:
- Ukraine - 4331 thousand tons (1747 million USD);
- Great Britain - 3140 thousand tons (944 million USD);
- Netherlands - 3922 thousand tons (729 million USD);
- Lithuania - 522 thousand tons (190 million USD);
- Russia - 268 thousand tons (99 million USD; volumes decreased significantly in 2014-2016);
- Latvia - 204 thousand tons (80 million USD);
- Italy - 0 in 2016, but in 2014 - 1554 thousand tons (891 million USD).
The fall in world oil prices significantly reduced the value of exported oil products: in absolute volumes, the number of exported oil products slightly decreased in 2014β2016 (from 13.8 to 13 million tons), but their value fell more than twice - from 9853 to 4041 million USD. [14] .
99% of crude oil and 100% of natural gas are supplied to Belarus from Russia [15] .
- Chemical industry products (without plastic and rubber)
In 2016, exports of chemical products amounted to $ 3,184.7 million, including:
- fertilizers - 2414 million USD;
- pharmaceutical products - 157 million USD;
- organic chemical compounds - 119.7 million USD;
- essential oils, perfumes, cosmetics - 83.7 million USD;
- tanning or dyeing extracts - 76.9 million USD;
- soap, detergents - 59.2 million USD;
- inorganic chemistry products - 38.3 million USD [16] .
| Chemical products export industry, including fertilizers (mln. USD): |
|---|
| Import of chemical industry products (mln. USD): |
The main buyers of potash fertilizers (5706 thousand tons, 2020 million USD):
- Brazil - 1231 thousand tons, 430 million USD;
- China - 887 thousand tons, 290 million USD;
- India - 635 thousand tons, 233 million USD;
- Indonesia - 371 thousand tons, 134 million USD;
- Malaysia - 328 thousand tons, 105 million USD;
- from 50 to 100 million USD of mineral fertilizers exported to Bangladesh, Vietnam, Norway, Poland, USA, Thailand.
The main buyers of nitrogen fertilizers (363 thousand tons, 155 million USD):
- Poland - 65 thousand tons, 28 million USD;
- Ukraine - 48 thousand tons, 24 million USD;
- Germany - 37 thousand tons, 15 million USD;
- Ecuador - 25 thousand tons, 10 million USD;
- Lithuania - 24 thousand tons, 10 million USD;
- from 5 to 10 million USD of nitrogen fertilizers are exported to Brazil, Argentina, USA, Canada.
Most of the export of mixed mineral fertilizers (847 thousand tons, 238 million USD) falls on Ukraine, Lithuania and Poland [16] [17] . The main buyers of pharmaceutical products are Russia (111 million USD) and Kazakhstan (13 million USD) [18] .
The main import items:
- medicines - 402 million USD, including 50 million USD from Germany, 39 million USD from Russia, 32 million USD from India, 27 million USD from France, 25 million USD from Hungary, 20 million USD from Poland from Austria, Belgium, Italy, Latvia, Romania, Slovenia, Ukraine - from 10 to 20 million USD;
- vaccines, serum from blood, blood - 137 million USD, including 30 million USD from Russia, 17 million USD from the USA, 14 million USD from China, 13 million USD from the Netherlands, 10 million USD from France , 9 million USD from Austria;
- surface-active, washing and cleaning substances - 108 million USD, including 64 million USD from Russia, 12 million USD from Germany;
- insecticides, herbicides - 95 million USD, including 32 million USD from Russia, 13 million USD from Germany, 11 million USD from France;
- acyclic alcohols - 66 million USD, including 59 million USD from Russia [19] .
- Plastic and rubber products
| Export and import of plastics, rubber and products from them: |
|---|
In 2016, plastic and rubber products worth $ 1249 million were exported, including:
- 82 thousand tons of plates, sheets, plastic films worth USD 163 million (including USD 148 million to Russia);
- 71 thousand tons of plastic containers for 223 million USD (including 191 million USD to Russia, 14 million USD to Ukraine, 9 million USD to Kazakhstan);
- 3.9 million tires for 280 million USD (including 121 million USD to Russia, 58 million USD to Ukraine, 21 million USD to Belgium, 16 million USD to Kazakhstan, 11 million USD to the Netherlands)
- 111 thousand tons of ethylene polymers worth 140.3 million USD (including 114 million USD to Russia, 12 million USD to Ukraine, 7 million USD to Lithuania);
- 114 thousand tons of other polyacetals and polyesters, epoxies for 103 million USD (including 77 million USD to Russia, 13 million USD to Ukraine, 5 million USD to Uzbekistan);
- 71 thousand tons of polyamides for 94 million USD (including 48 million USD to China, 11 million USD to Belgium and Russia, 9 million USD to Germany, 5 million USD to Slovakia) [20] .
Import in 2016 amounted to USD 1699 million [21] , including:
- plates, sheets and films made of plastic for USD 217 million (USD 102 million from Russia, USD 24 million from Poland, USD 23 million from China, USD 14 million from Germany, USD 10 million from Lithuania);
- ethylene polymers worth 187 million USD (71 million USD from Saudi Arabia, 55 million USD from Russia, 11 million USD from Germany, 10 million USD from Sweden);
- automobile tires worth 121 million USD (96 million USD from Russia, 7 million USD from Korea);
- propylene polymers worth 120 million USD (95 million USD from Russia, 9 million USD from Germany);
- styrene polymers worth USD 95 million (USD 51 million from Russia, USD 11 million from Belgium, USD 8 million from Germany);
- other polyacetals and polyesters, epoxies for USD 92 million (USD 41 million from Russia, USD 12 million from Germany, USD 8 million from Spain);
- other plastic products worth USD 92 million (USD 26 million from Russia, USD 13 million from China, USD 12 million from Germany);
- plastic containers for 90 million USD (49 million USD from Russia, 12 million USD from Poland, 8 million USD from Ukraine);
- synthetic rubber for 56 million USD (46 million USD from Russia) [22] .
- Timber and woodworking industry
| Export and import: |
|---|
In 2016, goods worth $ 847 million were exported, in particular:
- 2930 thousand m 3 of raw sawn timber for USD 87 million, including USD 39 million to Poland, USD 17 million to Romania, USD 13 million to Latvia, USD 11 million to Lithuania;
- 1,080 thousand tons of longitudinally sawn timber for 175 million USD, including 46 million USD to Germany, 35 million USD to Lithuania, 29 million USD to Latvia, 13 million USD to Belgium and Poland, 10 million . USD to the Netherlands, 8 million USD to Estonia;
- 1487 thousand m 3 of particle board for 218 million USD, including 105 million USD to Russia, 55 million USD to Poland, 20 million USD to Ukraine, 11 million USD to Lithuania, 8 million USD to Kazakhstan;
- 58 302 thousand m 2 of fiberboard for 108 million USD, including 45 million USD to Russia, 32 million USD to Poland, 10 million USD to Ukraine, 6 million USD to Iran [23] [ 24] .
Import amounted to 119 million USD [25] .
- Paper, cardboard, printing products
| Export and import: |
|---|
In 2016, paper and paintings, products made of them, and wood masses were exported at 166 million USD, including 30.5 million USD of products from the printing industry [26] .
Import amounted to 450 million USD [25] , including paper, cardboard and cotton wool from cellulose fibers to 82 million USD [27] .
- Textile materials and textile products
In 2016, goods of this group were exported for $ 1,083 million, in particular:
- 57 thousand tons of complex synthetic threads for 112 million USD, including 57 million USD to Russia, 10 million USD to Germany, 9 million USD to the Netherlands;
- 68 thousand tons of synthetic non-combed fibers for 74 million USD, including 44 million USD to Russia, 9 million USD to Iran, 6 million USD to Slovenia;
- 182 million pairs of hosiery for 91 million USD, including 73 million USD to Russia, 11 million USD to Ukraine;
- 2.7 million units of men's textile clothing for 42 million USD, including 38 million USD to Russia, 3 million USD to Poland;
- 3 million pieces of women's textile clothing for 39 million USD, including 30 million USD to Russia, 5 million USD to Germany, 3 million USD to Lithuania [28] [29] .
Import amounted to 1024 million USD [30] .
- Shoes, hats, umbrellas
In 2016, goods of this group for USD 156 million were exported, in particular:
- shoes, leggings and similar products worth $ 150 million, including:
- 6.1 million pairs of shoes with genuine leather upper for 120 million USD, including 118 million USD to Russia [31] .
Import amounted to 245 million USD [32] .
- Products from stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramic products, glass
In 2016, goods of this group were exported for $ 442 million [33] .
Import amounted to 320 million USD [32] .
- Base metals and articles thereof
In 2016, goods of this group were exported for $ 1,615 million [34] .
Import amounted to USD 2,506 million [35] , including:
- waste and scrap of ferrous metals - 256 million USD (of which 253 million USD from Russia);
- pipes, tubes and profiles made of ferrous metals - 187 million USD (153 million USD from Russia, 8 million USD from Spain, 7 million USD from Ukraine);
- metalwork from ferrous metals - 173 million USD (79 million USD from Russia, 53 million USD from China, 10 million USD from Poland);
- rolled flat steel from unalloyed steel clad - 141 million USD (102 million USD from Russia, 16 million USD from China, 8 million USD from Germany);
- hot rolled flat steel from non-alloy steel - 121 million USD (75 million USD from Russia, 46 million USD from Ukraine);
- furniture fittings and fixtures - 92 million USD (30 million USD from China, 17 million USD from Russia, 7 million USD from Poland, Austria, Turkey) [36] .
- Machines, equipment, mechanisms
In 2016, goods of this group were exported for $ 2062 million [37] .
Import amounted to 4386 million USD [38] . The main import items:
- communications equipment and parts for it - 352 million USD (218 million USD from China, 96 million USD from Russia);
- equipment for heat treatment of metals - USD 207 million (USD 78 million from Germany, USD 72 million from Russia);
- internal combustion engines (gasoline and diesel) - 125 thousand units for 186 million USD (62 million USD from Russia, 50 million USD from the UK, 24 million USD from Germany, 21 million USD from the USA, 12 million USD from China);
- Computers for primary information processing - USD 154 million (USD 72 million from China, USD 27 million from Russia, USD 17 million from the Czech Republic);
- fittings for pipelines - 154 million USD;
- insulated wires, cables - 129 million USD;
- remotes, panels, tables for electrical equipment - 123 million USD;
- electric motors and generators - 116 million USD;
- liquid pumps - 114 million USD (28 million USD from Russia, 26 million USD from Germany, 19 million USD from China, 9 million USD from Italy);
- centrifuges, equipment and devices for filtering liquids and gases - USD 108 million (USD 30 million from Russia, USD 18 million from China, USD 12 million from Germany, USD 9 million from Poland, USD 8 million from Italy );
- TVs, monitors, projectors - 105 million USD;
- electric transformers - 103 million USD;
- equipment for processing rubber and plastics - 880 pieces for 90 million USD (39 million USD from Italy, 16 million USD from Germany, 12 million USD from China, 10 million USD from Slovakia);
- special-purpose machines and mechanical devices - 65 million USD;
- Transport equipment
In 2016, goods of this group were exported for 1973 million USD [39] .
Import amounted to 1485 million USD [40] .
- Instruments
In 2016, optical instruments, apparatuses for optical, photographic, measuring, medical, watches, musical instruments worth $ 323 million were exported [41] .
Import amounted to 464 million USD [42] .
- Miscellaneous manufactured goods
In 2016, goods of this group were exported for 513 million USD, including:
- furniture for 423 million USD [43] .
Import amounted to 419 million USD [44] .
Countries
Austria
In 2016, goods worth $ 15.5 million were exported to Austria [45] . Import of goods from Austria amounted to 129 million USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° (12 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (9 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈ (7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [46] .
ΠΠ·Π΅ΡΠ±Π°ΠΉΠ΄ΠΆΠ°Π½
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΠ·Π΅ΡΠ±Π°ΠΉΠ΄ΠΆΠ°Π½ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 135,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD (2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄), ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈ (952 ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° 16,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (2 ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° 6,8 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ (2 ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° 4,6 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [47] .
ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 36,2 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD, ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π° (6 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [48] .
ΠΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 22 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD (2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄), ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (132 ΡΡΡ. ΡΡΡΠΊ Π½Π° 5,2 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [49] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 10,1 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD, ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ β ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ (381 ΡΡΡ. Π» Π½Π° 5,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [48] .
ΠΠ°Π½Π³Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Ρ
Π 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ°Π½Π³Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 135 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π° 84 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π° 44 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD β Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ [50] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ°Π½Π³Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 19,9 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD [51] .
ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 205,5 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (48 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (279 ΡΡΡ. ΡΡΡΠΊ Π½Π° 20,7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ (12,7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Ρ (10,7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [52] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 163 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»Π° (11 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-Π°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ-Π°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ (ΠΏΠΎ 10 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [53] .
ΠΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 441 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (430 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [52] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 82,8 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD [51] .
ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 1080 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ (944 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ (82 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ (13 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [54] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 159 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ (50 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ (11 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [55] .
ΠΠ΅Π½Π³ΡΠΈΡ
Π 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΠΠ΅Π½Π³ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° 51,7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD [45] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ΅Π½Π³ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 104 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° (25 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [56] .
Vietnam
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΠΌ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 76,7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (56 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [57] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 44,2 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD [51] .
Germany
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 944 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ (472 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ (46 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ (ΠΏΠΎ 33 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΌΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ (27 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ (23 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² (19 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (ΠΏΠΎ 15 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [58] .
ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 1333 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°:
- ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² (78 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° (50 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (40 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ (32 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ (27 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (26 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ (22 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (21 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ (19 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-Π°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ-Π°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Ρ (18 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ (16 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ (15 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ (14 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² (14 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ² (14 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ (13 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (13 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° (13 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² (12 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° (12 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (12 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° (12 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ (12 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ (12 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD)
- ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (12 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π° (11 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [59] .
ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 272 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (233 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΆΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ (5 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [60] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 134 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° (32 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΌΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ±Ρ (8 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [61] .
ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π·ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π·ΠΈΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 175 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (134 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ (28 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [62] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 20,3 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD [51] .
Spain
Π 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΠΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° 24,6 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD [45] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 225 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ (23 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ (16 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ, Π²ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ (13 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [63] .
Italy
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 84 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (18 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ (8 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ, ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² (7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [64] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 576 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ (39 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° (19 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (14 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [65] .
ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½
Π 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° 363,9 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD (Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ 2014 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ β 879,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD). ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΠ»ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ (81,9 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ (50,3 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ (38,8 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ (38,2 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [66] .
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈ (2399 ΡΡΡΠΊ Π½Π° 35 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ³ΡΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ΅ (13,2 ΡΡΡ. Ρ Π½Π° 23,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ (1166 ΡΡΡΠΊ Π½Π° 21,3 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ (87 ΡΡΡΠΊ Π½Π° 20,2 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΌΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ (18,3 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (437 ΡΡΡ. ΡΡΡΠΊ Π½Π° 15,7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° (13,5 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [67] .
ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π·Π° 2011β2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ 137 Π΄ΠΎ 55,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ (17,4 ΠΈ 12,9 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ) [68] . ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ β ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ (44 ΡΡΡ. Ρ Π½Π° 12,6 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»Ρ (318 ΡΡΡ. Ρ Π½Π° 15,3 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ (116 ΡΡΡΠΊ Π½Π° 7,3 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [69] .
China
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 473 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (290 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Ρ (48 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π»ΡΠ½-ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ½ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ (11 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [70] .
ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 2130 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD [71] . ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° (2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄):
- Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΉ (219 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (72 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (65 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² (53 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ (48 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ (36 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ (35 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡ (32 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈ (30 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (29 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ (29 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (28 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΊΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (27 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ (27 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²ΠΈ (26 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (22 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ (22 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΊΠΈ (22 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ (21 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD).
ΠΡΡΠ³ΡΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π½
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΡΡΠ³ΡΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 48,7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD (2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄), ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ (30 ΡΡΡΠΊ Π½Π° 14,9 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [72] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 4,6 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² [73] .
ΠΠ°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 473 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ (80 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ, Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ (26 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ (29 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ (13 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ (10 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [74] .
ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 70,1 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD [51] .
ΠΠΈΡΠ²Π°
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ²Ρ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 767 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ (190 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (66 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ (36 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ (35 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ (ΠΏΠΎ 19 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Ρ (18 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° (13 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈ (12 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅, Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡ (ΠΏΠΎ 11 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ (ΠΏΠΎ 10 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [75] .
ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΈΡΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 266 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π±Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Ρ (11 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΊΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (9 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [76] .
ΠΠ°Π»Π°ΠΉΠ·ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ°Π»Π°ΠΉΠ·ΠΈΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 105,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (104,5 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [77] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 55,5 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD [51] .
ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 117,7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD (2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄), ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ (69,6 ΡΡΡ. Ρ Π½Π° 26,9 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Ρ (18 ΡΡΡ. Ρ Π½Π° 8,6 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈ (479 ΡΡΡΠΊ Π½Π° 6,9 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [78] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 109 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD, ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ, Π³ΡΡΡΠΈ, Π°ΠΉΠ²Π° (61 ΡΡΡ. Ρ Π½Π° 30,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ (40,2 ΠΌΠ»Π½ Π» Π½Π° 23,8 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌ (10 ΡΡΡ. Ρ Π½Π° 11,7 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ (9,4 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [79] .
ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄Ρ
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄Ρ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 927 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ (729 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ, Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ (19 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΈΠ» (14 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ (10 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [80] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 210 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈ (50 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (13 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [81] .
ΠΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 107 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (85 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΠΏΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ (12 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [82] . ΠΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 162 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° β ΡΡΠ±Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π½Π°Ρ (87 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΡΠ±Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ (41 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD), ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΌΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ±Ρ (25 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD) [83] .
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 815 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°:
- Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ (168 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (63 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡ (55 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ (39 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (38 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡ (32 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- ΡΠΆΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π· (31 ΠΌΠ»Π½. USD);
- fuel wood (30 million USD);
- nitrogen fertilizers (28 million USD);
- polished glass (24 million USD);
- unalloyed steel wire (22 million USD);
- tanned leather from cattle skins (12 million USD);
- hot-rolled non-alloy steel bars (12 million USD);
- other furniture (12 million USD) [84] .
Import of goods from Poland amounted to 1185 million USD. The main import items:
- apples, pears, quinces (291 million USD);
- Condensed milk and cream (39 million USD);
- other vegetables (31 million USD);
- tomatoes (29 million USD);
- railway motor cars (25 million USD);
- medicines (20 million USD);
- other living plants (18 million USD);
- polycarboxylic acids (17 million USD);
- electric batteries (16 million USD);
- cabbage (15 million USD);
- plates, sheets, plastic film (15 million USD);
- paper, cardboard, cotton wool from cellulose fibers (14 million USD);
- plastic containers (12 million USD);
- apricots, cherries, cherries, plums (11 million USD);
- other food products (11 million USD);
- coated paper and cardboard (11 million USD);
- shoes with a top made of genuine leather (11 million USD) [85] .
Russia
- Export
The main export items to Russia in 2016:
- cheeses and cottage cheese (676 million USD);
- trucks (484 million USD);
- condensed and dried milk and cream (426 million USD);
- butter (322 million USD);
- fresh or chilled beef (315 million USD);
- tractors and tractor units (217 million USD);
- meat and offal of poultry (200 million USD);
- cars (195 million USD);
- plastic containers (191 million USD);
- parts and accessories for cars and tractors (186 million USD);
- non-condensed milk and cream (180 million USD);
- other furniture and parts thereof (160 million USD);
- refrigerators, freezers (151 million USD);
- frozen beef (149 million USD);
- plates, sheets, plastic film (148 million USD);
- sugar (145 million USD);
- car tires (121 million USD);
- insulated wires, cables (121 million USD);
- shoes with genuine leather upper (118 million USD);
- half measures of ethylene (114 million USD);
- machines and mechanisms for harvesting and threshing crops (114 million USD);
- medicines (111 million USD);
- finished or canned fish, caviar (110 million USD);
- chipboard (105 million USD);
- dried, salted, smoked fish, processed in other ways (105 million USD);
- machines and devices for lifting, moving, loading or unloading (100 million USD).
Until 2014, inclusively, the largest export position was oil products (1.8 million tons per 1055 million USD in 2014), but by 2016 their export volume fell to 268 thousand tons, and the cost - up to 99 million tons [86] .
- Import
The main imports from Russia are crude oil and natural gas. In 2016, their supplies amounted to 42% of imports from Russia (in 2014 - 50%).
The main positions of imports from Russia in 2016:
- crude oil (18.1 million tons to 3955 million USD);
- natural gas (18.6 billion m3 for $ 2546 million);
- cars (51 thousand units for 591 million USD);
- petroleum products (527 million USD);
- waste and scrap of ferrous metals (253 million USD);
- electricity (135 million USD) [87] .
- Regions of Russia
In 2016, 62.7% of exports from Belarus fell to the Central Federal District , 12.6% to the North-West Federal District , 8.8% to the Volga Federal District , 5% to the Southern Federal District , 4.3% - to the Siberian Federal District , 3.3% - to the Ural Federal District , 1.4% - to the North Caucasus Federal District , 0.7% - to the Far Eastern Federal District . 48.9% of imports accounted for the Central Federal District, 21.9% - for the Urals, 13.8% - for the Volga, 9.4% - for the North-West, 2.1% - for the South, 1.4% - in Siberian, 0.4% in the North Caucasus [88] .
The most important trading partners of the Republic of Belarus are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Leningrad, Moscow, Smolensk, Tyumen regions, Krasnodar and Perm territories, and Tatarstan [89] .
| Export (million USD) [90] : | Import (mln. USD) [90] : |
|---|---|
|
|
USA
Exports of goods to the United States in 2016 amounted to 131 million USD. The most important export positions are potash fertilizers (59 million USD), hot-rolled bars in unalloyed steel bays (14 million USD), x-ray equipment (11 million USD) [91] . Imports of goods from the United States amounted to 515 million USD. The largest import items are car bodies (USD 93 million), medical devices and devices (USD 21 million), vaccines (USD 17 million), cars (USD 15 million), parts and accessories for cars and tractors ( 12 million USD), piston internal combustion engines, spark ignition internal combustion engines (10 million USD each) [92] .
Tajikistan
Export to Tajikistan amounted to USD 17.6 million (2016), the largest export positions are sugar and tractors [93] . Import amounted to 2.6 million USD, dried fruits, cotton fiber and yarn were imported [94] .
Turkmenistan
Export to Turkmenistan amounted to 113 million USD (2016), the largest export positions are machinery and equipment for soil work (16 million USD), remotes, panels, tables for electrical equipment (15.7 million USD), railway freight cars (10.3 million USD) [95] . Import amounted to 7.8 million USD, including parts for refrigerators and freezing equipment worth 4.4 million USD [94] .
Turkey
Export of goods to Turkey in 2016 amounted to 85 million USD. The most important export positions are potash fertilizers and compounds containing a functional nitrile group (USD 20 million each) [96] . Import of goods from Turkey amounted to 735 million USD. The main import items are tomatoes (110 million USD), grapes and raisins (69 million USD), other knitted fabrics (50 million USD), knitted fabrics with elastane (32 million USD), citrus fruits (25 million USD) , other fresh fruits (21 million USD), parts and accessories for cars and tractors (20 million USD), shoes with genuine leather upper (19 million USD), fabrics from synthetic multifilament yarns (18 million USD), apricots, cherries, cherries, peaches, plums, other vegetables (13 million USD) [97] .
Uzbekistan
Export to Uzbekistan amounted to 36 million USD (2016), the largest export position was other polyacetals and polyesters, epoxy resins (6.6 thousand tons for 5.5 million USD) [98] . Import amounted to 27.9 million USD. The largest import positions are cotton yarn (12 million USD), uncottom cotton fiber (5 million USD), ethylene polymers (2 million USD), grapes and raisins (1.5 million USD), copper wire (1.2 million USD) [99] .
Ukraine
The export of goods to Ukraine amounted to 2845 million USD (2016). The most important export items:
- Petroleum products (4.3 million tons for $ 1,747 million);
- Mixed mineral fertilizers (113 million USD);
- Tractors and truck tractors (6499 units for 92 million USD);
- Liquefied natural gas (64 million USD);
- Oil coke and bitumen (61 million USD);
- Tires (1150 thousand units for 58 million USD);
- Trucks (543 units for 42 million USD);
- Potash fertilizers (34 million USD) [100] .
Import of goods from Ukraine amounted to 985 million USD (2016). The most important import items:
- Waste from the extraction of vegetable oils (except soybean) - 111 million USD;
- Hot rolled flat steel from unalloyed steel - 46 million USD;
- Fresh or chilled beef - 36 million USD;
- Soybeans - 30 million USD;
- Sunflower oil - 29 million USD;
- Waste from soybean oil extraction - USD 26 million;
- Other furniture - 26 million USD;
- Tomatoes - 22 million USD;
- Malt extract - 20 million USD;
- Paper and cardboard containers - 19 million USD;
- Medicines - 17 million USD;
- Corn - 17 million USD;
- Pebbles, crushed stone, gravel - 17 million USD;
- Glass containers - 13 million USD;
- Ferroalloys - 13 million USD;
- Bread and flour confectionery - 13 million USD;
- Chocolate and other cocoa products - 12 million USD;
- Juices - 11 million USD;
- Flat products of other alloy steels - 11 million USD;
- Corners, shapes and special profiles of unalloyed steel - 10 million USD;
- Sugar confectionery - 10 million USD [101] .
Until 2014, Ukraine was an important exporter of electricity to Belarus (2.4 billion kWh for 146.5 million USD in 2014, or about 2/3 of electricity imports [102] ) and coal, but by 2016 these figures fell to zero.
France
In 2016, goods worth $ 42.7 million were exported to France [45] . Imports of goods from France amounted to 243 million USD. The largest import items are medicines (27 million USD), insecticides and herbicides (11 million USD), vaccines (10 million USD) [103] .
Czech Republic
Export of goods to the Czech Republic in 2016 amounted to 85 million USD. Export is characterized by a significant degree of diversification: the export volume of all types of goods does not exceed USD 9 million [104] . Imports of goods from the Czech Republic amounted to 193 million USD. The largest import positions are computers for automatic information processing (17 million USD), aluminum foil (8 million USD) [105] .
Switzerland
In 2016, goods worth $ 5.4 million were exported to Switzerland [45] . Import of goods from Switzerland amounted to 151 million USD. The main import items are non-self-propelled railway cars (17 million USD), parts of rolling stock (16 million USD), motor railway and tram cars (15 million USD) [106] .
Japan
In 2016, goods worth $ 11.9 million were exported to Japan [45] . Imports of goods from Japan amounted to 112 million USD. The main import items are other gas turbines, gas turbojets and turboprop engines (19 million USD), medical devices and devices (11 million USD) [107] .
Other countries
In 2016, goods worth USD 30β80 million were also exported to the following countries [45] :
- Romania - 75.2;
- Slovakia - 69.7;
- Estonia - 64.8;
- Georgia - 58.1;
- Canada - 53.8;
- Bulgaria - 52.4;
- Pakistan - 50.4;
- Iran - 48.9;
- Israel - 45.2;
- Egypt - 43.5;
- Serbia - 40.3;
- Angola - 40.3;
- Iraq - 39.7;
- Republic of Korea - 34.1;
- Colombia - 34;
- Sweden - 33.1;
- Syria - 31.5.
A significant amount of imported goods also came from the following countries [51] :
- Slovakia - 92.9;
- Denmark - 89.9;
- Republic of Korea - 85.4;
- Saudi Arabia - 75.6;
- Serbia - 73.6;
- Slovenia - 60.1;
- CΓ΄te d'Ivoire - 55.6;
- Israel - 48.5;
- Cuba - 48.3;
- Romania - 43.5;
- Guinea - 40.7.
Notes
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2018 , p. 29.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2018 , p. 367.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 90-92.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 222.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 337-340.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 89-90.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 184.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 221.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 224.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 93-95.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 186.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 341β342.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 95.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 186-187.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 342β343.
- β 1 2 Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 95-98.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 189-190.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 188.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 343β346.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 191-193.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 230.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 346-351.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 100.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 193-195.
- β 1 2 Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 232.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 100-101.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 351.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 101-104.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 195-197.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 233.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 104.
- β 1 2 Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 237.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 105.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 105-107.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 238.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 352.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 107.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 240.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 108.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 241.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 109.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 242.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 109-110.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 243.
- β 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 49-52.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 283-285.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 127-130.
- β 1 2 Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 259.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 130-131.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 161.
- β 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 56-58.
- β 1 2 Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 162.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 285-287.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 179-180.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 319-320.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 287-289.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 162-163.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 163-166.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 289-294.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 166-167.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 294-296.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 167.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 296-298.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 167-169.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 298-302.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 86.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 131-135.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 87.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 260-261.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 169-170.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 302-306.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 135-136.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 261.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 170-172.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 172-175.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 306-309.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 175-176.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 137-139.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 261-262.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 176.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 309-311.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 177.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 311.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 177-179.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 311-318.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 139-149.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 263-273.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 78.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 79-85.
- β 1 2 Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 65-77.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 180-181.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 320-324.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 149-150.
- β 1 2 Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 274.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 150-153.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 181-182.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 324-327.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 153-154.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 275.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 155-160.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 275-282.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 343.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 327-329.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 182-183.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 329-332.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 332-334.
- β Foreign Trade of the Republic of Belarus, 2017 , p. 334-336.
Literature
- Foreign trade of the Republic of Belarus. Statistical Digest. - Minsk: National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, 2017.
- Foreign trade of the Republic of Belarus. Statistical Digest. - Minsk: National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, 2018.