Gesneriaceae ( lat. Gesneriaceae ) - an extensive family of dicotyledonous plants, close to the families Yasnotkovye and Norichnikovye . Plants of various life forms: perennial (very rarely annual ) herbs , creepers , shrubs , shrubs or small trees. The family has about 3200 species in about 150-160 genera. [2]
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 Haberlea rhodopensis | |||||||||||||||||
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Gesneriaceae Dumort. | |||||||||||||||||
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Content
- 1 Etymology of the name
- 2 Subfamilies
- 3 Biological Description
- 4 Area
- 5 Changes in Tachonomy and Classification (2011)
- 6 Childbirth
- 7 notes
- 8 References
- 9 Literature
Name Etymology
The type family of the family , Gesneria L. ( Gesneria , or Gesner ), is named after Conrad Gesner , a Swiss physician, naturalist and philologist of the 16th century .
Subfamilies
The genera of the Gesneriaceae family are divided into subfamilies : cirtander ( Cyrtandroideae ) [3] , gesneria ( Gesnerioideae ) [3] and coronantheria ( Coronantherioideae ) [3] ; differ in habitat and biological features. In particular, tsirtandrovy live mainly in Southeast Asia and on the islands of the Pacific Ocean - in Hawaii, New Guinea, Solomon. [4] The Gesneria subfamily - the inhabitants of the neotropics : Mexico , Central and South America and the West Indies ; coronantheria are not numerous in South America, the bulk lives in Australia and northwest, on the islands of the Pacific Ocean. [3]
Biological Description
Plants of various life forms: perennial (very rarely annual) herbs, creepers, shrubs, shrubs or small trees; with aerial or underground root shoots, stems, rhizomes , scaly rhizomes, tubers ; terrestrial, epiphytic or rocky plants. The stalk is erect, rising, creeping, curling, hanging or almost absent. Leaves are opposite, sometimes in whorls of 3 or 4, rarely opposite or spirally located on the stem; usually petiole; without stipules; plates usually whole, very rarely lobed or cirrus dissected. Stems and leaves are almost always with glandular or ordinary hairs or pubescence. The inflorescence is usually tsimozny , less racemose , axillary, in the upper part of the plant or terminal , usually on a peduncle , with bracts . 5-membered flower (very rarely 4-membered). Sepals are free or fused to varying degrees, equal or unequal; calyx usually actinomorphic , or two-lipped. Corolla is spontaneous, zygomorphic with a double-bent limb, less often actinomorphic; tubular, funnel-shaped, bell-shaped with a flat limb; white, blue, violet, red, orange, yellow, greenish, brownish or combined color, with dots, specks, strokes or without them. Stamens usually 4 or 2, rarely - (in actinomorphic flowers) 5; usually there is 1 or 3 staminodynia. The threads are always attached to the corolla, long and straight, or very short, anthers of different shapes. The nectar is fused to the base of the ovary, annular, in the form of separate glands, or absent. The ovary is usually single- ovary , less often two- ovary , upper, lower, or lower, the pistil is usually well developed; stigma capitate, usually bilobate. The fruit is opened (capsules) or unopened (berry); capsules are long, ovoid or spherical, septicidal or loculicidal , 2- or 4-fold; fleshy berries are sometimes brightly colored. Seeds are numerous, small, usually oval or angular; carried by wind ( anemochoria ), water (rain), birds ( ornithochoria ) or ants ( myrmechoria ). [2]
Due to the bright and varied color of the corolla of flowers, many species of gesneriaceae play a prominent role in horticulture and greenhouse culture.
Range
They live mainly in the tropics and subtropics of the Old and New Worlds, with extension to the north: Europe - the Pyrenees , Balkan Peninsula ; Asia : Himalayas , China , (North China inclusive); and south - southwest Australia , New Zealand , south Chile . In Southeast Asia and America there are about 60 genera, in Africa there are 9 genera (about 160 species.), In Europe there are 3 genera (6 species). 9 genera - about 20 species, live only in the southern hemisphere. 2 genera with transcontinental distribution - Rhynchoglossum , present in both Asia and the Neotropic ; Epithema (one species in West Africa, the rest - about 20, in Southeast Asia.
The most numerous genus, Cirtandra , unites about 700 species, Columnae - about 200 species, Besleria - about 170 species. About 40 genera are monotypic , that is, they consist of 1 species. [2]
Changes in Tachonomy and Classification (2011)
In connection with the reorganization of the Chirita genus, one of its sections, namely the Gibbosaccus section, as well as the Chiritopsis and Wentsaiboea genera, are included in the Primulina genus, the number of species of which thereby increases to about 150.
Section Liebigia allocated to the genus Liebigia .
Section Microchirita allocated to the genus Microchirita .
Section Chirita : most of its species and type species Chirita urticifolia join the genus Henckelia . [5]
The remaining species of the Chirita section are combined with the newly created genus Damrongia . [6]
Childbirth
According to the Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ), the family includes 145 genera [7] . According to The Plant List, there are 164 genera [8] and 3,122 species.
- Some birth
- Aeschynanthus Jack - Aeschinanthus
- Alloplectus Mart. - Alloplektus , up to 6 species
- Chrysothemis Decne. - Chrysotemis
- Chirita Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don - Hirita
- Columnea L. - Columnae , up to 200 species
- Cyrtandra JRForst. & G.Forst. - Cirtandra , more than 700 species
- Episcia Mart. - Description
- Gesneria L. - Gesneria , or Gesner
- Gloxinia L'Her. - gloxinia
- Kohleria Regel - Koleria
- Nematanthus Schrad. - Nemantanthus
- Petrocosmea - Petrocosme
- Rhytidophyllum Mart. - Ritidofillum
- Saintpaulia H. Wendl. - Saintpaulia
- Sinningia Nees - Sinningia
- Streptocarpus lindl. - Streptocarpus
Notes
- β For the conventionality of indicating the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .
- β 1 2 3 [1] The family Gesneriaceae - basic information A. Weber & LE Skog 2007.
- β 1 2 3 4 Patterns of diversification and ancestral range reconstruction in the southeast Asian-Pacific angiosperm lineage Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae), John R. Clark, Warren L. Wagner, Eric H. Roalson, 2008.
- β Ivanina L.I. The Gesneriaceae family (Gesneriaceae) // Plant Life: 6 vol. T. 5. Part 2. Flowering plants / ed. A. L. Takhtadzhyana. - M .: Education, 1981. - S. 436-439.
- β Article by A. Weber Molecular systematics and remodelling of Chirita and associated genera ( Gesneriaceae ) .
- β Phylogenetic reconstruction of Chirita and allies (Gesneriaceae) with taxonomic treatments
- β List of genera of the Gesneria family on the GRIN site. Archived November 18, 2004 on Wayback Machine (Eng.) (Retrieved September 15, 2009)
- β Gesneriaceae on The Plant List
Links
Literature
- Ivanina L. I. Family of Gesneriaceae (Gesneriaceae) // Plant Life: 6 vol. T. 5. Part 2. Flowering plants / ed. A. L. Takhtadzhyana. - M .: Education, 1981. - S. 436-439.